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-96- 

•18T pp ny 5)^11 |y3"iyb nyax ,|yjs»^i ytsasitsyiD^is 
D«i ?« ftDT^^iiyn ii^Ksny "lybyjiJ' rn ps ^uiyDiyii nyryn 
Dii^na-iys pK ^n e^JSn-iyDJiN iy ,nD« — inia^ ipK> rx 
b^i^ ny -lyax /|n»n-i jynjyny^vjs p^« lyryi? pK yii^-'ii n 
-iy'j>^i)^is PN nyK^^on ^yn .jytyb «^^i ly^ny? inyD 
|yj3Dy") pK -D^j isj D""*!! ly dnii jyo^ii nyo^K b^ii n^« 
jyiyDymyB iv n^N lyT ld^it bynij$ii px byiJKn jyto^D 
•n^fneij' ynoyis « px jjn^^a pn pa pKisD Dyi 



iPS^ 



•i%\^'* 



- 95- 

-••IK) ly^iHiQsr ynDyiD ybx px Tju-iyDiyii -^wb^:]) nyioD 
,CLa Rouse p2 ^myDiyii "lyK'n^ivj^iDiyDDnnyi -lyn -lyo 

pD p^iDtr "lyn |y2''"'b3 toyii nyr^^yii /'qn-iyto-iyTi ]v^>bm 
•NpnyDK pN |yn^« ys:^"'^''i3 ps yt^'-'on 
yt^''^jjy ^5''^ i3vy^ jy^yp dxii ^ytoiynj&«iiy:r^K yVs 
-yi:'yjD"'it^ tj^t jyn^n ^^r Ts ,]Vi^^ nny ^^•'s jy^yn "qjiinQSJ^ 
'b^^n D ""n 5§ p"i SI n pa tlb^^ "lyn t2^» nij K^^^jjy Djyn 
pK -lynny^ x jn^ ""^myo-iyn oytj'n^t^-jj'^bjjy Dy:injyio65^ 
,:i:iD^''^ i< lyryp jyoijy: n^sn jynxn ^n ••nmny^ n px 
-D^-'b ,yiy^isi<a « r« lynyntj^yj ri< dnii ^n jyty^ijjjy p*N 
in-iyDiyii pt? DSiryj^NJ dij<ii jyny^ iv^i^n pN tjx-issj' yo 
.C'^Pijy i3jyiySyiD^is ^in ""V lyn^n t:)^^v v'i'\'\p « r^ P^ 
^myDiyiT « pa piiJ nyn ts ,:yDyj-iya lj^j d^^t -in^« 
pK -jn N LDD^ip in^i^ lyii : p-iyii nvn^N p^N ps n^ii d^j pn 
-^Q byp:^ii ps pyiisi oy "l^^^{ iDjyS ^Tjin Dn^x tory:) "in^N 
-»yT p« i)KO « ^i<J W^bv^ -^r^v^ oy t^ronyj -in^s pt< vi'b 
.|yD^p:s lyD^K "in^x ton^ Tju-iyD-iyii n 11; lya^ ■i:^n 
-vb2 iDn«ii DyB^''^:jy P"'k nDyns t\x ^"k jyii ^jnd oyny^ 
•jjuiyoiyii Dyi — nj"'ns ]v^)d^ ny'-K fi''iN nn'^x tanyo 
-yn i<n in^x Drayj dij^d v^ihi^^ n k^ii -lyrjy^i px p« 
isn Dpn^D ^r.-K .jyo^ii lob^ii "in^fc< ds^i d"i^ii pa i:iD^n 
•lyyjynya jyj^DD^j |y»nyjyiJi§ p^« nnyr 



94 



-yj iy"iyii iv ^n ns^yn oy Dt^^i jyo^^ii px ^snatj^ yt^^r^ijy 
NH WO')) b')) jyD ly^i rx ,\vo'')) ^n .DjyrbyDrx ,toynp^3 
U'DipjN* jyiD n?o D-ij^ii j< p2 :i:"iD^ny3 yi-iDDn ,yMjyj 
pD ;ymyj ;y3t<n -i^d dnii ^8"i5C' sn rptj^^-yojito iv iu 
.-iy:2i?o -lyr^iN pa '^b'D -lyn to^o r^irnrp 
-^ytDiyii ov^^^)^-^''b::v DynjyDC>b^a„ d"" n t? p n yi n 
■ly Dx^i ojs'Diyi "iij D^j rnts-'i: ps i^i^y)) ""nx rt? "-i^n 
DNT »p^j /ij^nv p« Diny^pny -lisiyn-iyii lys^^^^jjy p-'x tw 
]]}^'))^ Di^n -ly-inj^ii n rx ly pynjj<T ; d^j inj ^x: rx 
px jy^xn -i^D DN11 lyD^Biytonyii ys^-'^jjy yjyny^K^-iys xn 
"lyn px Dn^ii p^s* xlj^j rx oy — /jy^xiQSJ^ v^V'^v^'^v^ 
-"iyii jytyn px lyreyj ld^: ^^t pxt dxii ,y3X"isi{:^ -^v^^b^:]} 
,Dyt^n^n lyjjy^ys ldsx "inyr nn^x Dyii Dnj<n ^-qunyD 
"lynynv jyDb^n o .t .in lyiDD^bx^ic^r nv''\r)vb tO-w'^b 
DynjyDtJ'bj^Q// D "• 1 1 St p 1 X n tj^^D-B^n^^ -ly^^r ^i^ix t^":^ 
,ny-)3^^i) -i^DDx px ")i: lo^j ."in-iytD-iyii Dyc>nv e^^i^jijy 
-y: Dt2^''DD nyto^ji^ pa onyin-'^p yD^n:i ybx px DyoD ti3 

."nmyt^-iyii lyryn "in^x Dra 
nyTN l^^nyvy-i nn^x px "nbn^^ii pi^^ v^; xn 
^mytonyii DyK'n^^-tr^r'ijy oyjnjyDB^b^a D'Mispnsn 



-93- 

t3«n ny .|yt3Dyiir« p-iyii jyn ktn ^^{ Dyii iy dkii p«id 
T^K "ly ,«pny»K r« DSnys lyi^K dkii i:Di«"ny5 aii piK^ 
op^Qiy lyaxn no pnyii Dyroa^ii «tk i« ,Dr^:fiy3^« ]vwi 
"»y pK riyn^« \voahp vb^ ps ly^y^i DjypnyjK ^b^2 nn oy 
DyrnjyiDK^^^D,, d ' m j$ p -i ^ n |yn .|ya^-iDy: ^pxta dkh 
••m "int<^ 5 p£5 D^^v K pK ^^5 "^iia-iyDiyii Dy5:^nv-K^^^:ijy 
m^ P">y^i K >?'^^V'i^ vo'<)^} «T« .|y-iKiiy:i tapmynyn^x bi^D 
jy-ixiiyj tas^ip-iya la^vin^^cirDps rx c'yi^N px |yTnit3B> 
-nsiiny yb« dSk nnyo jyiiya r^N dkt i oyjsibD^iK ^m 

I |y:3iD 
pa |yii$^i5SoyTpy yn^yr^iia xn jyDipyjj^n^ jyj"? ^kii 
-yjD^ii< D«T i3sn |yo — ? y^st^anx yta^iiv p« yaoiy -lyi 
-^n n■l^? p« ^^n lyT-x i DQSimv dki lyaxn |yn^&5 ,t2E)''ip 
ps ,"^13 St 1^3 tajyo rvsjiQ t2''D "iyb&5i ny^Q D^n^vyj jya 
-K'^^jjy yn:ytDK^i?^D njynia yri^^N iij ,Si^v y:^^^"^ 5< do 
nnj^^ pirs px jyi^iiyj iDD^ipiyD r« "lyD^myDiyii yt^nv 
nyc'^bs^Q Dyn Dsn jj^jypiyjx lyj^oyi^N -lyryn — .d^^v 
,T]i3-iyL5"iyii lysbyr oyn WP^"^"^ iv D^-'pD^bjyD sn iy2y:y: 
W^ lyom SI lyj^nyoyanya px jyjjnnyD-iya by^a d^d 
nypKT 2.25 -I1J ,-iy:^i3^3 pit^ ma oyn {yasto i:^ pK 
pa j:5^a-iy «?« — .Djyo rvajia to^o "lyi^xn -ly^a t3«Ds:^j« 
lyi px Dy'"*: k r« i:^^^ V'i'')^? «tk p« piyii oy-iy^MD 8 
lyLDDiy "lyn rx '•I'lstpisin n:DD^« i-iyn .yDD^:ryj "lysj^n^'K 



- 92- 



."D^J3-^K-D"'JQ TD8J 

lypipivrnN }ybnn3 nix ins pk ^n nyDiJ $$ ,D^iiy:i 
-y^ IV -lyas /^^Vomn t3D:yn^2iys ynn^x px -iitDstJ xn 
".'2 lySina sn ps ,|ybnn3 jyaxn i^d |ys-ic?n "112 ntk jyr 
-^.^DyQ^-iQ St ^c'cb i2Dnyj .TiaiyDiyii nytoij j§ rx lya^a 
-i:2i5i jyp "ly .i2ytDniymi«pfc<px^5§"iac'yc'^bj:3y nyi pD 
"n*« Dyii |y:iyiiDDyT pa ,^^:>^jni ^^ifitJ^-nytoiD pn i^t 
-Jtx T^K Dy ^^^11 ^Ej'^D pn fi^iK TianytDnyii 8 jyrsyj nyio^N 
nyonyi"; y^j^? lypiy^yj lyiN lyo^ii bxr K'jyD k tk ^^?:yD 
-:"iL:^ny3 yJy"ly•'t^'^y2 yny^T t5''D ^j§-iaK* nyK>''bijy nyn pa 
pn D"*: |yD''"'ii tiic dxii ,01^11 n nyo^x ly^^ayj i^d .jyj 
,D-iNii Dyn pa a^ito^nya p''N jyo'-^ii-i^o nyis ojio^nya 
nyn^yr lyn dnii lysjiD-'nya v'^V'i:^^ vyy^i^ «n la^j -113 

Dyrijyii'^r^^a,, D'mj^pnsn pa lyu^^^a^a nyi |yii 
NTi< lyo^nyDJiK 1893 px DNH "•HiaiytDnyii Dv^n^-^^'biiv 
]V^'b::v |yin:yo*c'^^a n jyayiivo^nyn ya^tjia^iK ]j'^v'\'\v 
oy m ,|nyTy: D^iKit^a p« ny t2Kn jy^^x -i^a i^aiyDiyii 



lobnva Dv -t^n^x px sj^^^jjy px Dy^x .|y:i{<n2 xn 

♦|y3y"is |yp K^n^t^^n lyn dkii ,to^j yiix-ia px p^p 

n» irto^D X D^iT Dvbti D^i« DJiyb y-iiK'^-in yryn 

y-iiK^^na ya^brj yryn .jyD^ii |i« jyjyp 



- 90 - 

"lys i<n |Viy:i njxtDSJ'S"'iN nyis i.Tna^it? |x ivs^yn iv |y"i 
Dy (nynn) yn:yDy-iQ yabyii n^a nyns ,|yDNNtDEj' yiDj"'j"'^« 
; f\t6p^ K ii2 ajis'-nayn nyns j^nyi^nys nyi |yiyii rfc< 
-ya ly^KT Dy^nyt:)yis px |y3:itoD"'^s£ny2 jyn^^tj' y^^yr^ ybx 
•rto^^j pt^ Tl^^vyryjjis^ "i^3 ly-iyii t:)yto3x-iL5 

lyn p2 jyopjiQ Nn tn /jyjj^iiv i^ ijinyrvyryj ynynyj 
♦jy-iyii tDin^Dy:D^ifc< jyi^sr pyp"'E5"ifc< 

K-'T pD nyn^3 sn pa DDy-i-D"'Dt^ dxi .1 :ij"ii)^Mt:ax 
lynNNtoEj' ytorj^^snys sn TjTn b^r lyDx^nc^ yt^rj^^x-iya 
lynN lyD^Nny^pniv d^: lj^ndcj' Dy:byvj''^K |k ^tji nynx 
(31NQ ta^in) -ix^Np ,(|K^VNJ) yo^n }yjyii lynyii DVTpya 
.toaxsj'Dsyjpy-iynns \viv)^ *iyn« 
IV ODND xn lyaxn b«T DyiiJNp nyn .3 jjib^ntonx 
-yj Tin /|y"iy^i Din^ayjo^ix b«T byp^ont^nyn t« tW^i^m 

jjiay^vyiy: wnyn 



ijn pa y^vn^Q^-iQ -lyn vi^)b iviyii Diyjy^p-iyQ tsstntoB' ly: 
Kn pa ^n^v lyifjsi lyn iv nyn^n ya^ij^yo yn po pn^^f 
.t3)<»t3t:^ |yn:yBriDyn Dyn px nyn^a ya^pjyo yinny^-21 
n^tasiyo s jy-iyii lyjyp ta^: b^t ny:^^p .3 la^jtj'nK 
-y-ia TB "i^Dpy^y |k nyn« /oyiij^p pK "lytsy-itsnyD -lyi^ 
nyi^-i)^ivv « ty^^^^ "'V"'^ /E:jynnyiQ-D''^Ti "lyn^ i^jyT-t 
"lya^jyji /jyiDs^j^tDij' ytoy^^^K-iys xn lyojiK dd5< iyD^:5''D 
-j^p 8 d;k nyuK' 5$ \V2vm o^n -ly sni ,DyT ^^j D^n 
-{§81355^ yDrj"'^K"iyo Kn pa lyDDxya d^k -lyix jNooynj 
iJiStDxnyQ nynjynyrvyryj nyn pa ly^^jD-'D d^jk nyi^ ,iyo 
-ya lya'^^DDnyj -iyi5< ivovpyrpy d^k "iyn« /Dssidk^ si pa 
I^K^PD^ioDJ^p j<n }yv*DK^-iytDJi« IV ,t288ti3K^ K pa nyi3o«i 
-a^iK IK px b^^niojK jyDijyj ,iyDi$5§DK^ yorj^^xnya sn pa 
'Vm "lyn^ /{lyos^Dij' xn) ^n jyjyj njxDtj'a^^x -lyiK inn 
,:yD Dynjisp -lyn nyax ;yni>^a yny^n iv pit?' px fli5^^ jya 
-ny:3^-iyn ,v)n jyny pa ^yom ^^^iv pa y»^DK^ «n ^-in 
.i\nya lyaxD pniv p« bioa ayn |yD 
n^^K'Dp^j^a -lyn pa D^^pj^c:)^: "lyi jyiyii .4 D^^trax 
-yj ^"in i2jyp"iyjx rx ysbyii ,|yDNKDK^ yoyj-'^x-iya xn pa 
-«iiyj i53NDyi jyj^r yaSyii /lyni^ity xn t^^^K -lyiDjnKn ,pyT 
ytoDiyn "i^a lyjjij^i^yn px y^ojya pa :jii)nNV xn i^a jyn 
PV i'^T njNDiJ'a^iN "lyiK inna''i« |« |ypmiyD:'iN )v 
p« jyDKKtoK' yisj^j^^Kiya Nn i:^j nyax -pn d^j yjNia 



- 88 - 

.XIV ^yp^tsn^ 
njn^ lyi^ay: jyrn yab^i /jyj^nya yijs .1 is^ju^aN 
-:iK iy:^n px |yDsi$§i:>c' yDr:^^xiya xn px nynu jyn^iiyi 
Nn pa nyn^3 jyrn -jjny^jyn ly^n nyi3:iN lya-iNinyo 
^n lyD^jy^i r« /l^^«8lOK^ Dyn ps px |yi285§t3c^ yDrr^«nyQ 
-yi St lynjyiij^ nyn^ |y35§D id^j b^r tsetj^isK^ p^p .jy:^i«ii 
Nn pQ |yi2^Nn^nB px yiDsy-i xn jyvn^p b^T oyDbyii ^i^yT 
rsst^tat:' p^p i?^? ^^i« ; jy^sisttoLj' yor j^-iNiya k^i pa ny^Ta 
nyi« ts^^n^na sn ,]V2vb dkt i^nya 5< ^^3 jyonyjpyiis 
-Djy D^j "n^iK ,Dyv^na jya^^tasnyi ^ pN DinDjyyN D«n 
DVT /iyvjy-13 yrn p« ^n toysy:i dxii /jsnyQ ]''p \vm 

'V^vm NH pD piir jy3^^i):i 
jyny^ p^jyiyii iDbny"i"ny|ybKTnyt3y-itD-iyD 2 ld^jk'sk 
-^''K xn pa pn^v nyi d'-p |yi:sisti3tj^ yjyny^LJ'nyQ xn pa 
■^yD^1^< i3fe${$t3B^ jyiy^ px iyj5:?nya ybx jn:yDy-i nyriNii 
i23yn D^i iy"ii"^y3^ .Diy^DC^yaD^JiymyD^yii /lyjsinj^K 
p« D^ynnyiQ n^a on^t^pyby pa bnm ^ '•^i jyo^toK^ iv 
-yntsiya tb ,|ytD^s:D5J'yDrj"'^&<"iye xn pa tojynnynQ-D'''"i'i 
{§ pa yDDjiiyn y^^^DDnyj p^ ivDi-'pyrpy /Dyijj^p px nyo 
-Dxnya iynjy3yrvyTy:i "lyi pa lyiy^ito^D nyn^ D{§s!Dk^ 
yD^bjyo v:i^^r]V' 21 y^jj^D iv D-iyii ,t05?{iiDK^ 8 pa :i:ip 
vi': ]]}^^^^^ yt2i^:)"'^N-iya &<^i pa ny:n^n pN nyr1^<1lJ^^fc< 
-^iK — DV-i^pyi p« Dy D"ij$ 1^ Ta d^ii Pi^ii< -lyn^ |ynyjy:i 
-lya "lynjt^ t^ n^ nynx nj5§D{^a^ix ij$ pN* b^MioJx Ta nyo 



- 87- 

-bnm bn^v nyvii§j nyn pa ioyDn^^j<» s r« bn^)i jjvi 
8 Dxn jxnya p^p tyii px ; tojyjny jyiyii wr^yii ,"iy:yD 
-o^iatj^ yt3D3yn ^>iiv xn pa Dstjyo "lyn b^T jj^n /DyDnj<^5<D 
^"•1 ; tojyn^Tyia-D^''ii Dyn \vbnv)) v^o'^b "lyi ps lybnx:^ 

-jitjyD bnxv nvvjst:i nyi pa byj^^m ^'•iiv pa lynytoe^yn bxr 
5^'^D'•1J rx (DjyT'Tyia-D^''ii Dyn) lybny^iivD^ix pt? /iy"i5<D 
/l^nya p-'p nya^ .^n^^f nyvjj^j nyn pa toyDn^^stD ^ 
-y-iQ -i^a jyiyii D^nyiiyj jj^tj^vt^^DDJ^p D^ib d"*: |yp y^by^i 
-D^^ii pa D»s D^T "i-'a ly-iyi") i:Snyiiy:) |yjyp b^r Djyin 
.iyioj<N:oB^ yD:i^r'^5^-iya «n pa tojyn^Tyna 

.XIII ^yp^m^ 

,t2D:iyn yjy:iiixiivy:i \^'<p ps ^nyayibpc^ p^p .1 iiib-'-ni^ns 
-"lya «n jysbyii ps jy^ynnnya i^a yas"ito^ 5? dps lyo^is 
/int'iK^ n''a lynyii tonyS'^iy tons yrnynyj s ^i^is Dyii jsr 
f y:i^y "lyns lyios^^i^t;^ y^rr'-siya sn ps jyTDD^Dpy bsr 
-y"i ny^n nytojis lya-isiny^Jiis rs ny^byii 'Di^ js ps 

•jjiiy^: 
^Tn tD3SD sn lyn^n b^r Dyn;ij^p nyi .2 3J1b^^■^tons 
-D^is b^r byp^D-is lyn rs ,iy:irii!^ iv jjiayivyry:) y;inyny:i 

.|y-)yi"i Din^ayj 



— 86 - 

vbi< lyjyay nn-nytDy-iis^yD dyn px iosi:yD Dvn nt^a ^^r 
obnyvyj |xi }y^«T jyD-'DtJ' xn |1n (lybioyv) |yj:iyDytojj'y3 
-"•Dc^ bnxv ytooy-ij sn t2«n ya^yii ,|^ny3 xn — ; jy-iyii 
p« bnioi yrn jyii /Diynny-iQ nyi |>n ^nt tijynnyna t-s |yo 
ijHKV nyvjNJ "lyn }ib Coyt^nx^ND) toa^yn ytoDy-ij «n 
-"lya |"P lyii pt^ ; jyiNiiy: toiy:iy jyrn Dxn ,iyjy)D-SiNii 
DNT nbfc^n ^NT INT }yD''DB^ pa D^\Tinyo ntn Dxn i^r 
/jyjNnya nh pa jybnyiny iDjynny-ia ayn T^in-nyDy-iDnya 
-Npya yn ly^N ,]y»"'Diy ^nxv ytDoayn xn lyaxn yD^yii 
,Nn p.a bv^Vi oyT pa ^m d^n inyD to^j pn lybxr |yj 
injy^nyii nynx .Djynnyna "i^a iDO^DtJ'yj jy-iyii y^^yii 
Nn ^NJ lyiyii jyDijyj |y»^D5^ xn jyi^xr to^ynvyna ayi 
i:nnd'.:> jyny pa nyDyiD-iya y^s dd^m dni /jyDXNtDK^ 
-^yii /^HNV yj"'nD''i: xn ; yD^DtJ^ p^N jyjoxnv lyn^n |y:)Nr 
pa jnytDt^yn ^nt ,pyi^v jytn iv t^byDNnya pn f)-ini ya 
NH pa pyom ••^ii^* pa "lyny^i^jiD^D v^'b^v "lyiN Dyj^x 
rnt:)^i3 PN Ctojynny-iQ nynj jy^nyii-i^^D^ix pN jytoxNto&j^ 
-"lytoyiDiya dnt |yii ps ,|yDNN»D^ y^x pa t:ytDnN^N» n 
Dy jyii to^-'V -lyn px Djyinyna \'''p ybi^ ^nj to^nyiny pin 
Dyi pa p-iyD jyniya ayi pn jyi?nyii i^ losy-i iy^>r r^x 
lyDnyj-iya D:yT'Tyna-D''^'n -lyi bi^i ixn nnx^ lyjnjyDip 
-y^Q lyi |yii ^bxa ayi px x^ii Djynnyia pa din ayn 
jt^c'VD^toDJNp D^ip Diyii ly jyii nynx d^^ndej' t::yT'r 
-^D*^ ^HNV yDDy-i:i n^ D^n yai^y^i ,jNnya Nn j\nyajiN 



- 85- 

YVW pa Dy>f^-i3 i? pj^iK |yD"'nnD''iN jyjyp T|n ^jxt xn d^t 

nyn-2 Tinn ly^N /D^^sdc^ pynj&< |8 pa nyn^a ^nn lyD 

-"lya ^''T iv^^T nyjvD-bnj^ii kh — .xn :> y p > d "i si 
-j$n nya jyo^totj' pN |yi05§^DB^ yiyn^nyn yny^n p« lybiDsr 
pa ,tojynny-ia-D"'^ii px D^ynny-ia n'-a (byt:yv-D''Dij') dx:5 
pa iyj^iNi"ij"'''i< p-ip pn d^j b^r iy:^^&? DjyDDr:yii y^byii 
DDj<b^5§2 ViV^'f pN |y:5^T "T ; "T D^D iD^j^Dtj' jy^abyT nyn 
-"•ryiQ -ifc?a t^i^^'om^ onyii ysbyii ,jNTiya xn lyjD^^vyn 
to-iyii v:i':^v)) /jNnya «n wh^v^ yiynjirya px pt? ,tojyT 
-Jirya jy^xio lyb^r ^•■t ps ; tojynvy-ia-D^ni -I'-a DD-'Dtryji 
*i^a t3D^ioK^y:i jyiyii ya^yn ,|yjsnya y^fc< pa ]vb\^v^ v^vi 
tSD^Dtj^yj |y-iyii yabyii /jyjNnya ybsi pa px ,Djyiny-i3 
ftyny i^a ly^-'totj^ bnx^f -lyi pa px ,Djynnyi3 d^^ii n^a 
px jy^DyioEj^yn pt< jya-'nK'-iyDJix jytDD^i? yrn jyi^j^r ^^r pj< 
'V'^v^ N''! D^;>T Dy IN11 DIN Dyi IV D^yjyniya jyp^^j^pyiix 
-nyna div DToymx -lyDX^toK^ yt:)3'':''''N-iye xn pa Jjn 
tsx^yo Dyi pa Diyinyna "lyi — ; tosi^yo Dyn pa tojyi 



- 84 - 

/jrny sn d^d jyjrnajyD^nv i^iK T"i« j^ik dh^s ^kt 
isay-i Dxn lyn^n :)st iy ; Dn^s jy^yi ^i^ii^ jyt^yiD yaby^i 
|y3«n IV px jyvij yj^n n^s rrny lysstj' iv d3x» iynjyivivj« 
ooiri^'-nDiya pr n^a jyto^p^inst pa ya^j^n xn 
/lyoyv^iQ b^^vv yD^bjnyiiy:i pi< — .vii b y p ^ i:)i fc< 
|ia nt3"iyi^ Dyn toi''^DK^iyn''K t]«t D'-niDC^ «n yabyit r« 
"iNa Dyv^iQ Dyn jyin^a iv DDyi dnt p^t /1«^^t rvjsiiv 
-nya Diyii nyabyii 'b^a pv P^< 'ti'"'Vii jyobt^n-iy nic^n st 
t?n pa nn oto^ny: p^p pt? b^t /mij^n « pa D^ynjxn 
^^D 8 ^&<: ly-iyii D^ynjNmya jytoi^xtot^ ytDa^j^'-K-iya 
yD^S-iyn^3 y^^bjnyi^yj ^<•'^ pa jyoanK'-i^a i<n «^ii D"iynjK 

.|yD"'0 v^iVW 
lynyii Djjxbiya t:--: bt^^ ov — ."vm ^ p ^ d "i « 
iy-iyii D:iybyia^nyn D*": bxT ^^ii< /(nmy) b^^3 yo^n: i^: 
-jnyiiyjjiK p« ycstT^nj d^j px /^ixntoc^-nbyi yo-'iiJ iv 

.]ya^«"iE:K^ V^b 
ytDDy-i yo^iiyj pa iJ^JDy-iD-'iN «n — .ix by p^ Di'st 
yD-i^bnya iv lynyii to^ybyjD^is d^j bxT i^c^VD-'DDispiyn p^^ 
p^JNa DKT yapyii ,yD2yi y-iyi:« pyjybp"iya iv "iyn« lyj 

•jyob^nyn lo^n 
fc^n jyiyii v:ibv'i'\ /lytDat^D^xa t^n - .xbyp^io"isi 
W^vm ^'i |^t^'VD^DD:^p yn iin |yt:){§^nij' yorj^^^iya 



- 83- 

|yDi:yj is^dist ya^yii ,;j;d{<t lyns lyj^nya Kn i^k /lynvii 

D^^nxvyn lonyii oyaSyi. /jyry-ianya s n^D jyiyii jy^ij^nyi 
jyn^-'D ,iy3y-i2-iyD Dyr^oy:i si i^a iodjst nyns /jysy^ i'o^d 
/niK^n njyn: st |id jjn^-'ji'Djy lyi^ y:i{!t:5pJN «n ^"in 
-ij^b Dynrxn^a lyjoip y^^yii ,ybya y^byTs px nyo^is 
rx sn |yii ,p^^D nyn ps* lyix lyD^ij^D-jn^^D px-iyo^ij^o 
-yj yD^b^jyay p« iV'^\> ps ta^^v px iDDjyn "iy3^5?pn^ii p« 
-yj D^: jy^y-iB-iya vi'^bv^ o^i "i^s -iyj"'^p p^t y)H ; -insia 
jynyp pn lyny^i^iya pa in^iay;! px ^j^d "i^v jy-iyii D^ytasj' 
i)8:'onp SI pK iv^'^^p ^NT ^^i&? ; lyiyii iv onyDstDy: "iyn« 
rP"'^« Tj^T lyiyj nny jyjxT w jy-iyii |yjiiKiivy:i d^j Dyvxna 
-jy:i"'^N nyn« tD^\"i^na ,|yny^ pn pa |y-iyii i:3''nya d*-: ^^is 
p^p bxT "n^iN* rpyryj pa oyv^ia |y:nynyj oyn jnx dihd 
-ma pa jy^iJ «n "r-a jyiyii jy^i^yjiv DinD:)yj^^« iDsninsa 
.n^axn 3Jirt2''j-iya yriyny:! st |n« ,Dip^i) 
ij^T lyoyv^-ia ybyj^onp vbi^ r^^ — .vi ^ y p -"d -i « 
px jyD^^ojyay i« iv DDyi d^i m^^ri nytojii?^pyjJx nyn 
D5<&^DK>Dyn paniEj'n yt^''N^^tD-it<aji« |i< ^inoyv^na w^i 
-yn .|y-ixTiyj jyjJt^jyn tn lysynmya dnt inii pi^'^vii px 
PN jynyiT vhv^^v^^ov^ pyryj ^in nynna bxr p'^'^iv:^ nv^ 



- 82 - 



rp iy:3SttD too ^NT Dy-iiJNp nyn — .1 'pvp^i3-i5§ 

Dj:?n -^v^^ ,]vy'^^ Pn |yny-i pa lo^M^na xn lyvn^p nynj< 

sn \v^v2 IV p« jy^Dxnys iif T'bnyna y] pbxs pQ toayi 

♦IvtoDy-iJiN yo^iiyj ivskd iv m:i jjnr^V"! 

,tosij<ntJ' jy^na st pa to'-^mys^T k--^ td rnn^iJ rt^ io3^d 
-"IV D^j ny^iyj iy:i^-in p« lyD^^n-^iv pbxa patoDyi Dt^n ?^r 

ps D^^v ps ,|yb^T lyt^ssnb^D yr^ — .in ^yp''t:nN 

pa jyb^ii nyn |n^ nn s: ps jynyii i:Ti3j<iipy:ir^K w^^v'^^ 
ftant? NT« Pi^ii< nNJ }V''\p pa ^^--v ps ps ,-iyD\ntojy:i''^s nyi 
•pytyj ^in lynyii loro-'DC^ya toyii oy &<''1t 
lyan pn IV -lynu pa toDyn dnt — .iv byp^tD"i« 
-nN-D»'inDjy5''^« px lyiyaNQ nyr^^n yiy^^T io^d ,^n io^d 
b^T ,lytDDy-l^? px |y:ij^3iny:2Ji« ytoay-iy^jix ly^yi jy^p-D 
-"IK11) jybnyayn DDaytmya px ,|yiyii |ytofc<-itoynyn''{< ^': 
»ynjnj yD"i:i p)^ik jyiyii |y3y:iyjD^'nyn nxj |y^«T CoDJat-^ 



-81- 



NORTH CARROLINA. 

William Blount, 
Richard Dobbs Spaight, 
Hugh Williamson. 



DELAWARE. 



George Reed, 
Gunning Bedford Jr. 
John Dickinson, 
Richard Bassett, 
Jacob Broom. 



SOUTH CAROLINA, 

John Rutledge, 
Charles C. Pinckney, 
Charles Pinckney, 
Pierce Butler. 



MARYLAND, 



James McHenry, 
Daniel of St. Thomas. 



JENIFER, 

Daniel Carroll, 

GEORGIA. 

William Few, 
Abraham Boldwin, 



William Jackson Secretary, 



-80- 

.|y»yj y"iyt 

GEORGE WASHINGTON, 

PRESIDENT and DEPUTY OF VIRGINIA, 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

John Langdon, 
Nicholas Gilman, 



NEW YORK. 

Alexander Hamilton, 



MASSACHUSETTS. 



NEW JERSEY. 



Nathaniel Gorham, 
Rufus King. 



CONNECTICUT. 

William Samuel Johnson, 
Roger Sherman. 

VIRGINIA 

John Blair 

James Madison, Jr. 



William Livingston, 

David Brearley, 
William Paterson, 
Jonathan Dayton. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Benjamin Franklin, 
Thomas Mifflin, 
Robert Morris. 
George Clynier, 
Thomas Fitzsimons, 
Jared Ingersoll, 
James Wilson, 
Gouverneur Morris. 



- 79 - 

•iinw p^T YVW Dytn Tin jybxT dnkdk^ mv^ pK nvi:Dn 

^"•ix x^ii ,-iyt3ynt:-iys-Dpbt<Q pt? jyn^nxjyD xn .3 
vbi< pK D"Ti£j>D"'^!)D^t^nyyD^^DD sn pa -lyny^^iD^o «n 
yDrj^^snya fe<n ps ^^d yDoxyi-DDDnyj p&< ivDrpyrpy 
^5 ^"in jybxT /jytoxi^tot^ yj^yvj^^x xn pa ^^d lyDSNDtj^ 
yn lyv^tse'-iyDJix iv pn |ynjny:i t^-ixii-j-iny nyix nynsj' 
-y:i b^r jN^ybyn px "lyniya dik> p-ip nyix ; i^^rD^toDj^p 
i:i:v^v "iyn« ddn is iv jJir^Dy-iyn dps jy-iyn DiyiiNB 
.|yD&<KD{i'yt:rr''fc<-iyQ fc^n nyDJii< yi^ytotj' ya^i? 

.VII byp^Di^ 

^-KKD^ p^j pa "DJSt^jyii:Np„ «n pa j:3irtoytoK^yn sn 
l^c'VD^toDJi^p i<n toas-ip p« jyvyriv di« i)m pni^NT jyo 
♦IV D"i8 NTt< Pi^ifc5 lya^DK^ yiD^yii ^jynNNiotj' sn lya^^m* 
-yn |yj"'»^ntj^j^''s Dyn d^d jyixiiyj DsxDyj r&< oyrn 
nysDynayD |ytol7 Dyn ,iyDNKDt^ynjyTyiiJ« sn pa D)b^ 
lyn pa nnt<^ jytoa^yiiv Dyi ps pN ,1787 "ins^ nyi ps 
• KpnyDN pa |yDNN*toK> yoi^j^^Kiya nh pa D^^T:ijyn3:ix 



- 78 - 

"■n pa D"i"it^D"'''^D''K'nyb «n ^in loroyDK^yn jy-iyii ^n 
-j^p xn ^-"n nyn« jyDNNtat^ y:yny^Knya xn |ia byo-iya 
"lynx yjy — lyDXj^Dsr t«n pa pyoiya ^m >^x oj^tj'jyii 
-yn Dyii Dyn:i3Np lyi fc^-i^i — jjirt^yDc^yn pa lonx yrn 
-y:i i:iyii dnii o:nynjy ]'''p d^^t /""Kin Dyi to^io ; jyD^DB' 
jy-innyn d^j ^^a p'-p i^a ^«t ,1808 nnx^ Dyi nxa D3i<D 
3:"l^■'^^t32X |yD9 Dyn px PiK"i:sn{§Q jytonya px jy^ony oyi 
pn |n« ^KT toNNDJj^ p^p D^i pi< ,:5yp"'tDi« jyDK'ny oyi pa 
PN DDy-i-D^DEj^ iDvy'b^i pn lyiy^^nya jj^d-'dsj^iv -lyjyr^x 

.toNjyo Dyi 

toDX»yj lyrn y^^yi^ ,|y:iJiD3^b2a-iya px jyn^JiK^ y^JN .1 
,|y-»Niiyj |yDijy:iJ« T■'^< i5<t^rn^DDJNp yn iyn^^« fynxiiyj 
yorr^«-iya fc<n iy:iyj t:a^<-lp yrn^yr t<n jysxn lypxr 
lyn lytojis k^ii |xjj'rD''tDD:Np nyryn nytojiK jytoKxtDtJ^ 
• CiJiD^Ninya y:in-iynne xn) jt^t^^^nynyaj^p 
-yr-'K-iya sn pa y^'ytyji t^n ps j^t^'vtD^tiDJN^p yn .2 
T-is ; jy-iyii i:3NDy:i -in^x t^^ib ]vbv)) yD^yii /jytot^NDK^ yD 
-yj oyi") D^<11 ,in'D3j< "iyjn"iyto''^ii -lyn^^ "iy:nynT^a iv'^v^ 
yorr^xiya xn pa jjny^iyi nyn nyt2:)"ix |y-iyii d^nid 
Nn pN ;'i:i6 Dynpa pyryj y^o^yn dxi p"*? jy^^r riyD^xDC^ 



- 77 - 

Ivto^KinVQ w D3KD «n jyaxn ^«t Dy'^iJ^?p lyi .2 
lyn^x ly:lJlD''Dl^'y2 px jypjyi yj\nD^^j xn |yDt<» iv px 
Kn IV i^-wr^vi DyD^yii ,DinDjy:i"'^K Dyiyi:^ -lyns i^ab 
-"•DDiKp "lyrn pt< bt^r ^nt p-'p p« ; jyi:8«itoK^ yDJ''j^''«iya 
t^n pa yioay-i xn "ria lyixc^ div Diy^yjD^iN lyny^i ]i^\y^Vi 
Dyjpyvj^^N jyaby^i pa lyiN |yt2fc<«Dtj^ yt:rj^"'N-)ya 

-8:1 jy^NT iyDi5^Dtj> ytorj^Knya sn — .iv :jip^\-iDai< 
■yi 8 /jN^ii^ lyn iv iDiynyj dnii ,dnndk^ jyny^ iyi^iojN-i 
-yj ^n pa jyny^ jyv^c^ ^jnt p« :jny^iy-i d-isi ytj'''J8p^^3ia 
-y^j ayn pa jjxp-iya Dyn ti'-ifc^px ,|yD^iN pa^N'sya x iy:i 
-D''s^ny^ Dxi lyii) iVDvpyrpy ayn pa lynx -l1i;^':D^^bD^t^'^ 
yD^i^nyr^? |yjy:i (jy-iyii jyanyiuyDj^nv d^j |yp -iv^io^^b 

.|yni-i:iii< 

-iyT^\n yn^^n pa by^m ^^-nv |yii ,^«t Dy-ijjsp nyi 
(Dt^jyDijyox) |y:ij'nynjy lyjN^K^-iNa ,j\nD^i: n^a ay jyDPNn 
Nn pa jjNpnya ayn pj^in -lynx riNtJTD^nDJxp -lyrn iv 
yjyny^K'-iya Nn pa ^ytsm ^^iiv pa D"iiK>D''^i)D"'K>nyi) 
-jnynjy jyjNbtj'i^^-ixa Dii<:ii"i!?DNnya k lyanya ,jyt2«Nnc' 



- 76 - 

,D{§TpT'ii |i« j^Dsynp pn 
-^T Dj<stt3{5> lyny^ lis -lyiTn xn .1 — .11 iJib^^nDnx 
r« nyji-n ^<^ pa lyD^^n^ns pi^ lyjyb^iv-iQ sn \v:ii^n ]vb 

.]V^m^i^ yiyiJ5< y^N* 
-{<«'JK^ t<n pa Dyi^^K pt< D-iyii y^byii /j^nys k -2 
pynii< lyabyii ly^yii "lynx ,nDj<-)-iyD ly^yii Din^ijj'yn jyto 
Drsyj lyD px D^^prt^Dynyi pa loa^ibojy px jy^y-innya 
^JinyTi^a Nn pi^ix bxr ,Di§{§toK^ ]'^v^:i^ is p« xnya i<n 
lyD^yii pa ,ios!j<t:Ej^ Dyn pa yDosyn ii^DVpyrpy t<n pa 
D-in^ayjnj< p^< Diyaybyjo'-'is ^yat^bnjy rx i^nya sn 
nyi ps t33y"i D^i D^n nyabyii /t:s«itDt^ ayn ^nj ;ynyn 
• lysy-ianya ayn pa 3J'n''Dyvx"ia 
oyi ^"in |y:)yp |yn5$fe?Dtr v'^ .1 — .m :lJ1!5^^•^Dn^< 
ny^j P''p -iyn« ; i^-'ji^ ivvi pt^ ly-iyii lyDi^yja^is Dy-i:iij<p 
-yi nys^yii ,D■l^5 ayi px lyiyii ^^i^mi bsT t:5<5<t2Ej' 
-yj t3''j DSNDtJ^ p^p ^N*T ^--ix ; Dyisto^ pyiJS |5§ 1:; ^ivn 
yiy-inyn "ly-is ^^ii^j pa Jjirj^'-Niya sn ^-in lynyii DD^^D 



- 75- 
Dyna3«p -jyn «^ii ,]vb:v^ vs^yrx nv^iiN px |y»n»iD^iK 
-yn Kn nro^iK DjyDynmya ybx tb dvvkiq nyn .3 

Djysyimya «n ikii ,Di?5$t26j' Dyn px lyoipn^a ^^r ov)i 
|y:i:stjyn d-'j jyj^^r ^n |yii nya^ ; |ynNi"iy:i jyjJSJyn jyj^r 
--i^D Dyv^")£3 "lyn b^T |yto{§{<DB^ sn ps Dyj^^p px lyn^iiyi 
Dy-ij:fc<P "lyi t^'ii nyony ya^yrx lynx to-iK jcis pN lynip 

•rvty^i l"in jyD^DSj'yn cyii 
yorr'-fc^nyD xn ]vm ni^^-^iv^ *l — Jii iJ^ij^Mons 
iyni< •'^T iy:iya :iynp ly-in^s |yii : jyo^M -inj ^kt jytD^stiasj^ 
-oyiipyn p&5 ^b^n ]V2v: '^r jis ir^'s vw^'f ^v iny^K^iif 

.D^^pa^i) 
-"lya iy:iyTi jyiyi^ nb^^ntoniN-iya ^j<t jj^nya r^p .2 
lynijyr Dyn T'»5< ^"'"'V ly^J^r lyj^^:^ ^^"ii^ jyn "lyo^ix ntosn 
18 -isiE) miD ^n rx i^nys «n lyi^ lynx ,t:pj« lyD'-bn^yay 

.io3ny:i DyjysiK 
|yrD^t:)K>yi iv D3N» «n |yn^^^ ^xr oynjjjiiip nyi .3 
|y:yii :i3"ib"'^nD-nK-iya rp iyn5< ;nD8-ny2 -i^d ?]^5"^tot^> fc<n 
Dyn pa y^^tosta "^yi pa nna ayn lynx*^ d^j ^{<t ntoj^-nya 
n^a lyD^ii^ ,|yjyD-iya p^T jy^nyjiv -lynx iyDi3"'\-iD-iiN-iya 
.io3y^ lyD^^MDii^iya "lyn dxii t3''''V xn 



- 74 - 

yvyryj sn ,|y{j'")n''t2D:«p nytn nyiojix jnytDtyn^y yD^yii 
yDbyii /yD''p&j'-:iKiDnya px |yn^?^il^K^ yDrj^^«"iyD t^n pD 
-ly^n nyDJi^K iy-iyii t^DNDyj |ybyii nyn« DDX^yi jyrn 
,yDnjNTyj jyayntoyn yD;yii ,iy2KT yb« "lyrs — ; tD2t?o 
;|y^DJNp p^^■lyi)D^D-^ya Djjny^jyn ytoytoayD^xaya yiynj« 
-JNH P&5 |yD''K^-Djynp ps yt205«yn pa jysfc^T yb^? lyrx — 
ya^yii pi< -jyt^-'^prto^ntDSJ* iyTi< — ; toDnyriya^tJ^'D^yn 
ly^-ito-iNQ Nn pa y:^^N jyj^^T lytot^stsij^ yDrj"'^fc^iya «n 
nyn« ""^iiv jyt^^-'iiv |yD^^pj''t2"'nDEJ^ "tyrs — ; (omv) 

iyj-1^3 NH px n^^XtOC^ 5§ |yEJ^"'11^ — :|yD^5<t5t^ v^v^^v^ 

-yny^t^-iya pa lyi-fn xn \v^'))'i — ; DSisit^B^ "lyn^st jx pa 
,to5<j<DK^ jyi^a^yr Dyi pa lyn'-n jytj^'-iiv — ; |yD5<s:Dtj> yj 
-fc?sitoK' yjyny^K^iya dnii n:isp |yjr^« ••n Tst f\'r\iv^ yD^yii 
Nmyni^ ,tosi^DC^ j<' fytj'^nv p« /lorb^iiyn ""n lynsn jyD 
nyj-iu nyijy'? yE^njybD-'ix p« ,dj<s:dc> Dyi pa "iy:i^i 

.|yjKnD"iyt::i«nyii< 
-yuK ^yDnjsTy: lyay-ii^ynjs ya^yi) ffy^NT y^K p« .2 
-fc^T yb« p^5 Ti^^x &<^ii ,iyi?D:&5p p« yooi^yz ys-'^Djyay yn 
/(amv) jy^^DiNa t^n pa yyx r« dnxdc' &< ys^yn px /lys 
y^s p« ;D3y"i yiDDiy dxt ly^^^n i^snyrnyB^iK Dfc<n bsr 
,iyi«iiyi D3nxD-iyn nynna ^n jyj^n y^byii /jy^sr y-iyus 
^NT |y» ly^byii i^ ,DDnyj dj^t p^T toanyrnya^iK d^^t bt^t 
y^bym D^o riyaxT-toKHD px iyDxrvyry:i \vm^ jy-i^bysK 



~ 73 - 

'n ]v)) |iK ,^n pa DO^^K lyiK nyrM yn^^a lyan^vDKnv 

-yj ly N^ii ,D^^v 8 rn ly^ybx ppN ""n "ly typ fjyjJi^DKT 
yiyn^K px ytsij^jryj lyonyjD^ix i^^r ny ; taayn n^a isj^a 
NH inyr bxr ny ; *iyptD^D-iya Dijny^^yi yt^risayo^xBya 
WW^V bsT iy |1N jynyii i3"in''Dy3D^"iK ^no iyi)t?T v)iV^Vi 
.|yi388t3K^ ytaj^i^^x-iys xn pa yt3»«yn ybx 
pK Djyn^ry-ia d^^ii ,Djynny"iB ^yi — iv :j^b^^nis3K 
ly^KT tyisKKiotj' yi3rj''''j<-iya xn |ia yisDNya-b^ivv ybx 
PK Di^?^pyJ:K lynyii ^n jy^i /0»n pa |yiy^i DvyTyjnK"iyn 
-lyiK nmK>3 :i:i3yt:6j'y3 ,nt:fe?i-nya p« rn?iK^ ^n isj^aya |yD 
.jyijnn^aa^iK v^:ivh^ ps Djyaynanya yo^n: ynyiJK 

.III ^pp^tDIX 
-nya xn pa oaxtt ya^^nyt^^n Kn — .1 jji^j^^nDns 
--lyi^^K p-i^ p« jynyi^ Dy^n^nya :)KT |yD»8i:sj> yta^^j^-'N 
-:«p nyi v:^^^) /|yD3nyr-iyiDJiN yaVx r« P« DDny: 
nytoDn xn .jyaxD ps jyo^tat^yn la^^v w ta^-iv pa oyii Dyna 
ly^t^T lyD^nyrynyDJiN xn pa px D3nyr-iyn^ij< Dyi pa 
pj< j:nn''aa^iN ny^r n^ii ijxi) '•itn "w^i^v v\V'''>^ lyo^Nn 
-Djyn yiyn -r-a jyjnp jyto^v yDD^DCJ'yi iv fy^xr ps ,i3ij 
Nn "n-in iy-iyii LJ^yjyijp-iya d^j ^nt y^^yii oju^i^yi 55 y^ 



-72- 

D2ND Kn |y3«n i^^r "ly p« ; -w^dv yiy^t pD |yis2^i)DS) 
DjyDy"i3iyB i^a }y:n{$:iy3 iv px jyiJiBK-iissrya ly^ybivax 
•lyjJijnbitJ'yn rx lyo^ix ,iyi2si8i3K^ yDrj^xnya nh ]vm 
-w |i« ntD8"i Dyn la^D ,t33No xn jya^n tJ^r "ly -2 
^^iv |yii ,:iK"itD"iys i? jyoy^ijc^ ^^ ,ioxjyD oyi pc :jitt^o»^ 
ny |i« ,1V jyo^cK^ jyn^ioetjyD yDby»5§nya Kn |id py^m 
i38:yD Dyn pa jjiD^rotrn lyn ts^o px ni:i<n Dyi f)''iN i)^T 
Dyn pa lyean /jypDJ^p px jyi^DDo^D ,yon:j<iTy: \vw\v 
yt3j^j^^x-iya xn pa yDDstyaynynJsi vb^ pN Dsnymya^ix 
|"N fi-iiK loin^iya d^j ^n rx jjiiyjiy ly^^i d^ii /jyostsi:!:' 
; Yvm 1"»n |y-iyii too^DU'yn ^^r v:hv'\'\ PN ,iaiK -)ynjj$ 
n^a oy isj^ayj "ly jyii /^yryj nnn jyp oyiji^P -lyn lyn^ 
-yn y-iyi2Ji&< yn |y:yj"iy iv tsDSo nh jyaynya^x ,D3yi 
IV lynx |ua"'in-DtDDnyi sn iv ,p''i5S ^jyT-rynB div ytoDs 
♦jyjjip^MDaN-DiJ'nyjy"! Nn pa yoDsyn-nynx Kn 
lyb^aivD^ix d3nd «n jyaxn p^t Djynnyia lyn .3 
Dsi:yD lyn jyii ,d^^v -lyn px riyb jy-iyii d^ii ,iyiDDy yb« 
lya^ibx ly^NT yai^yii ;|yi:25$D^^a iin ,jjivn pK ts^j rx 
ojiv^T -lyDD^yj -ly^n pa v^^v dk 
Dyi jyayj lj^''^ iv d^^v pa i^xr iy — -in Jji^^^ncsax 
b^T ps |^"'JV DyT pa n:sDBnv ayi lya^N issnya « Dyiji«p 
n^a t3^«n -ly y^i^yii ,|y3KT yabyTX iynnjy»^pyi "t nxa 
bxa «"iDDpy |j$ p« \vp iy ; i:i6 oNm^a mi px iMto^i: 



- 71 - 

tD:j.nnvnE D^^ii |i« Djyn^Ty-i3 nyn |yii ,i5NQ pN lyrD^t^t^yn 
-ysjiN jyrn lynx ly-i^jrry-i 'Iyn-lNt22^' ,DvyTy:2Niyn jynyii 
-y2 lyrn ps ; Djyn^TyiB p^r bt^T lyDrDsya nys^yn — j^t 
-ys lyiy^ii lynyn ^^r rs t^Dx px pn Dyn d"'1^ ^nt nyioDX 
.D^jnyiny Dnyii DJiyT'Tynsi t< "lyns rn 
ym i^D jyto^^v y^o^Dt^ya i^ bi^] ^^v^^iv^b nyn .7 
onyDymya d^j ^nt "ly^byii .D^Nny:! ^5 ]v^^ip yDDjyn 
yabym^s ,d^^^ «n "n-in lyny^i tonyjybpiya d^j px jy-iyii 
lyaxn i3^j D^^v yn "n-in b«T ny p^» tobnyiny lo-iyii ny 
"lynx lyot^NtoE^ yDrj''"'N-iys ^npa yDQj^p:^^« y-iyiJK p^p 

.|yi2NNDK> «n pD Dyj^-iK pa 
ym lyayj ny ^nt ddsi P''T px \'''^iv>^ Dyito ny nyn^-ii^ .8 
("iy::n-iya -iyn«) -lyiijj^ t|*x„ : jjnya^nys nyn^ nynt:^ 
to:ynny-iQ ps d»k dnt lyb^sny •"•id ^yii ^^x d^i o^^j^m 
yoDya v^^'d ^nj i^yii px |ynj<s:DLj^ yDrj^-iNiyD fc<n pa 
INtj'VD^DDJsp Nn lyn^HD-iya px lyv^K^yn ,|yDM jyt3sy-ip 
".jyDNXtoK^ ytorr^^-iyQ i^n]\Q 
-••IN "lyi pn ^KT Djynnynsi nyn .1 — Ji iJip^Mt^as 
yLij^j-'-'N-iya «n ps ytD^ba px yyonx nyn ps -injNDJ^pnya 
yiyn^nya xn ps yv^^^D xn pa ^^in n^ii .jytosisiDB' 
t3D:yn yD^^pn^ii ^n px lyanyj |y-iyii ^n jyii /lyast^^DB^ 
-tDsntr «n pynn^Q |yp -ly ; lyoj^stDB^ ytoi^r^Nnys xn pa 
-y^jyn iv^v pa yt:»Nyn yoD-iyn^iK nh pa :ri'^D v^b 



- 70 - 

-iife^DN^D^c^nvb nyn n^ii Dyn to^ip b^t dkj<dk^ -»nr .2 

.(-i^topyby) 
^'••'11 /iyD"'ii IV ^^nt^v^ -inyD d-ij t^x DpJiQ jytyn) .3 
Dyii jytonynjyyj oyn px ,|y-iNiiy3 Diyijyyi 1804 rx "ly 
iv DDjyDnjyos i<n pa xii pyp^tonx DyT p« w^tiv: iro 

.|Nt^^«j^DDJ«p sn 
Nn lyi*) /D^-iv xn lyro-'D^^ya \vp Dyi:iJNp lyn -4 
-byii pK aJind Dyn p« /lynyii tor^nyiiyj jy^Nt ny^yo-bn^ii 
"lyn pn i^xT iND nyn ; lyD^toc^ vw^'f jyayj Iy^^<T ^n lys 

.jyDNNtDtj' y^« pN -lyrnbyr 
-nys NH ps -lyjn^a iyjy-ij<nyj n -lyo-'it? ,"iyj"'^p .5 
pa DD^< DNi i^D lyiyii Dpnyiiyj |yp jytoxxDK^ ytojT^x 
jyn "IV ly-iyii obnyiiyj d^j nyr^p lyp ^'•i« ; njynnyiQ 
pt? int^"' j''D^m px 5)j^2 tobx jy-iNiiyj rx ny -iyn^"'N ,DDi« 
•lyDKNioK' ytorj^''NiyD «^n p« nnx-" pyv^iyD t^j^i^iiy: tosn 
Dvyryinsnyn Dnyii tojymy-iB nyi |yii ,bND p5< .6 
IV rnysj^N T"'K nynfc^ Di^jj^ry") ,tia"ij<t2tj' ly nyiK 13»n pd 
-nys^N t3D« Dyn pfc<r /Dd« pn pa lyD^^bsQ sn lyb^aiy 



- 69 - 

«n p« ; yvytyrDi^^vpysDrK y:^n |y-tn^aiVD^iN din rn 
lyny^T d«ii ,iy3N3nN n« \'\v''^^ vbi^ pa yt^arpr^x vi'^'^ 
-yiD''nyn lynx yD-in''Qyjrnyn pj^in \:iivbvi Dj^stac' |iq 
pa Ti^nny: Dyn Ta loo^tocj^ya p^r jybNT /nmns ytsin^a 
y3^yTfc< y^N p« /lyD^j^ioK^ yoi^j^^Niya xn pa yoNp nyi 
Dyn pa |y"»yii tsn^ps-itDJxp px iDnn^iiyi \vW] v^vm 

.Dy"i5J^p 
DyiiJNp pa :iiD''DB^iv nyi pN ^«t dnj^dk^ p^p .3 
-D:ynp "lynx nyo^i^^D lytib^n ny^ntj'-Da^K' |y:iy^a^nyn 
axitanya lyis ^fc«D2t< |« jyo^bty ,t3^^rjynyna pN jya^K^ 
-V'^v^ •^yl^'n:y:5D^^^< p^s ld^o "lyns ion&«dc^ pyi:« |n d^d 
bxa pN -iyc^i« ,nDnbo n pN lyti^^rnyn ^n nynx o:n 
p« -|^T tsray: iy lynx ,iyan:yjj« 'n^^pT^i lonyii "ly |yii 
IV 33isi) D^J DTib-iy v:ibv'iy nn^ay: "lyojynsj nt« 

.|yD"ij$ii 

.11 'pyp^tOI^ 

yvyry: fc^^i iy-in^a^^:D^iN d3N» «n .1— J jj^b^\nc3N 
sn pa Djynny-ia 5< pa i:vn «n px Dy^nt^-iye |y-iyii ^nt 
|yn pN P'T PNT ny .«pnyD« pa jytDNNoc' yDj^r^N-iya 
,D3ynnyia-D^"'ii Dyn o^d iyofc<nv ^n: pN -inx^ ny^a o»n 
pi^^N jy-iyj") D^nyiiya ,p»iyt3 twu^yr Dyn i^a jyn^^pyiD^iN 



yDxp-Dtoat8Dc> lyT pa jy-iyii jw^ivw b^r nbw p^-^ .7 

y^K pa |yiyi3D^i« px lyonj^jj^-'K xn pa jjuay-i p« 
.\v^]})) i:D^:5LJ3yay-iya d^"'V iv e^^v pa ^xt iyn!?y:i ya^'^np 
-••^x-iya «n pa jynyii jyay^yi ^^r byo^ti-^^yix ]^^p .8 
DyD^i^jy-iDr-'K |yt iofc<n d^ii nyj^^"? ps ,|yt:)j<j<tDtj' yD:i^j 
ajiD^tanv nyn jnx b^r r^n "lytDJiN don Dy^^^^nmya nyn^ 
byo^D lynx ddn ,:i:iri^yi ,p:y6J'y:i ^n jyonyj^s* oy-iijxp pa 
oji-iy^jy-i ytJ'njy:3D^iN nynx Don^a ,yjyp st pa 

D^jn^ip-iy jynyjiD^nyn ojirr^Niya nyi« nju st ,"nND3N 
jysyjD^nyn ; ibv^ \vi>V)B ; |ya^^ y3^:»ij"a |ya^njivj&< 
PN -ib^: -lyD^iN jy^NT yiyiJN jy^ND ; jyiy^asQ tony-ip 
|y"in>aD-in ; lynbi:^ lybnsv iv no-iyii ^ -i>a npyj -lynW 
^ pN jyjNnya lya&^itDtryn p^< jy^^\iDTiN"iya iv yvm S 
-yj oysy Dt<n -iyv^D"'t5 n-iti Dyns^j yvyiyj lyss^o ; toa&j'D 
ipyry: 5§ nynx ,iya^iDtj>yn iv ^int^n nv^v din* j^no 
,|yt:pNnt:jfc^p pa lyju^Da^i^aiya i<n lyaynn b^r oya^jyii 

.|y^l3>D-by^^5 jynyj lyiK 
Drii:xp pa :iJiD^tDi5''iv lyi px pnt dj^bidi:^ \'^'p .2 
"lyiN ytDin^ayjrnyn pi'-in ny^^oK^ nyns i^^v |yjy7a'"nyn 



- 67- 

]V^VW ji^ti'rto^tiDiNp vn ^"in t3-iyii VD^yii ..tsisi^trD y-iyi 

ojny^jy-i nyin ps ly^oxyn nyns :iJi':^"»^nD3S 
-n^Djinyn "iy^« jjnynjNiir^x i<n .1 — .ix jji^-iMLnx 
-jy-i''DD''Dpy xn ps nyr^N* y^byii qy^Nnys v:^^!^^ pc ^i^n 
Dyn i;^Q oynjjsp oyn pa ^nt ,iyT.s^i^* b^ii lyofc^xtDi" yn 
b^v -lynx -ly^^Dt^' S5 nyns /jyiyii lynjjjanyQ d^: lh08 nn^'' 
t:)''j /jy-iyii tor^by^D^nyn iy:ij'nn^arnyn yapyrx pi^^n* jxp 
• jNnys) yiy^ n^D "iy^j<n 10 n^yr^L^Knys^N 
-iv D^j p{<T "DiBi^p Dyn$?n,, ps DVjy^-'iiy-iQ D^n .2 
lyn^ nj^oK'D^is pa S{<2 u? px jyn -lyD*■1^< lyiyii w^^m 

-yn 1^* poyryj yt lyiyii loin^Dy^ain d*-: b^T oy .3 
yi jyiyTi D^Noyj d': S^st oy p^x ,dq^?2 $< jns |yDj<-iDtJ^ 
D1X ,|xn:2yjn&{ oyay Dxn lyvyD^N N^ii Dyn ^nj yvw 
.jyjyp IV |ya5<■)Dt^'ya Tinj^n oyjy 
ly^-'D^ ytopyin yiyijx nyn^ ny^^tOk^^-B^^p yr^p -4 
ps |^^v-)^Q^->3 lyn ^{<:i to^ib lyn^D jy-iyii njybyjs^nyn ^^r 

ojnyp:5ysya -lyi 
fj^tJ lyiyii t^jy^jyjD^nyn ^nt i^^v lyn^ ny^^ncj' p^p -5 
Dy jyabyii ps Din^syiD^nyn |y-iyii ya^y^i /jybp^Dnx 

7)^iK ; jyD^n pa yoDJ^py^i* sn px p« ijyiJsin px pyn:^ 



- 66 - 

;CytDNpa) VJnxD-D:iynp i5 jyt^^i^n px fysi^t^-iya .13 
ly^yiy-i pfc< jjny^jyi nh i^a v)ivm i^^kd iv .14 

; nyD^^^D-yyr pN -lyn^S^D-njN^ wn i^a 
D^n jysnD^nyn d^i -i^d lySyjyi |y:nj<nyD iv .15 
-nyDJiN ,|^<^JV -iy^ ps yvyryj N^n iy-in^snvD''i&< nix "iyn''b"'D 
.-lys^njjx \V2^^1D iv pm:; ps* yi^ytoLj^a^ii^ jypm 
fc^n pN :ij^jsNiiyn /JsnTJ^nj;? xn -1^2 jyji^T iv .16 
8 lyts D{<i"i ]v^'D^v2 iv pK v'^^b'tD i<n pa yy^Q^von 
pa tDDjyn nyn px jyoij^ys pn ^8<T y^:;"'^^^ -lyn pa ^^md 
|yt:fc?J<nL^' NniyD«:5"iv-iyrN-iy3t^,iyL:y:i<Ds^yDrr^fc^-iya nh 
Kn jyj-iyb IV (ytDDDby)iyny^v^SNN''^iyjyj-iyw D^yn dxt 
-yn Dyii oy-uj^p nyn v^bv'i'i ^pi^a^vDn lyn D^i^ y^v^^-iD 

; lyD^DK^ 
,|y3KT y^w^ ptc jjuyrvyryj yiynjiryn jy^^nayj iv .17 
oi'N lyDy-ij t:^j) lopncoDn p^N ^r ts -ij<q jy^ip d^ii 
«t pa jy-iyii lynyjyipy^it? loyn lyDriyii /["lynpD jyb^^D |nyv 
-y-i-iyn pa toix-^n DbxDDijixp pa jy^^^yjix pt< dj<j<{oc^ 
jyD^nnyj iv t]^i« px ,iyD{<5iiDK^ yo^^r^xnya xn pa i:)-)]}^: 
loa^ipyjnx lyiyii v:ibv^) >'\v^'-\v y^x lyn^N ddnd yn^yryn 
IV ,cyi{§nEj' Dyn pa nyayrvyty:! sn pa JJ1Q^Dt^'1v lyn d^d 
-^-lD^1J y•^ynJ^<p^« ,|ybNjyD-iK ,|yj''Tx:iKD 'jyjjiDoya jy^j^D 

pK — ;|yn^"'3yj y:i 
-yj pK ynm: lyi^^T ys^yii /yvyryi y^{< |j;dj<jd iv .18 
35$ yiy^ pt5 tojnj;5D-iyn iynn« xn |y-in^aivD^iN dik jiny,-, 



-65- 

TN |yt:^-ipjsa jyivii yvyrw ya^'-i^J n« ivn'-n |y-iy^i iv lyT 

; |yD8t<tDB^ yDrj^''«-iVE5 nh 
fpam niDnyii Dyi lyn^biiy-i iv px npyj jyjy-ia iv .5 
-ya IV px my^3t3» yc'njy^D^ix pa ntsnyii oyn ^^ik n^ii 
; D^» PN iD3^iiy:i pD ^y^y-i «n |y»^t:ij' 
-DD{<j?tD8j' ytj'r^ND |yDK» "i^d jJia^-itsK^yi jynn^Dy^N .6 

; iyt:si$i2:j' yDrj^^Niys sn pa i^yi px lyi^exB 
; lyosntDc^tDDKB px Dyo^a^-DD^s tynjnj -jv -7 
PN DSKsrjyD^ii ps) onij'D'ito Dyn lynymya iv .8 
ywyi D^-'V yDVjy-ijynst n^s ^nt iy» Di<ii oyi Tin ddjip 
^^iK tsDyi y3^i5D^iJtrD''i« o^n nynrany pK nyDsanyc n^ 
; lyijnj'aiy px jyjjiDsa-iya yiy^n 
jnyDjj' wW^ v:!hv'\^ nyrNTDDsnyi lyt^Dniv^^^x 9 

; D3nyriy3^iK nvi "lyo^^K 
-yinnya ps ^ny^n tyaxiDSj^yn pN lyo'-DtJ'yn iv .10 
-"lypbya |y:iyi jyay-iaiya ^^is Nni /D' ^yts'-D |'a''iN lya 

-ivj^ D^jTibiy iynyjD*nyn ti^^^ip w'^vbp'^v "iv .11 
jy^JND |y:yii jyaiijii^-iya jyaxD pN jya^c^ ya^biJ^a lya^na 
; -lyDfc^ii ps m6 fi'i« iy3«t ps lyjsnya 
b^Toy iy3N lyosibsD lyto^smyDJis ps jyonyj .12 
-jyi> ti^iN pyiiv |yn iv lyipy: sn W'^V'^'^ Drb^iiyn do 

nns^ ^^iiv Pi^i« ob» "lya 



-64- 

"1^2 5< ly^i ^V)n jyrvr^N lyiy^ lis b^^Jiin Dyn px jyiyii 
tj^i^iya Dyn px Dp^K'y:pniv d**: Djyinyisa pa onyii yiifi^b 
r5< Kn j<^n ,Dy-iDSJ (|yD^i)K^y:iD^"i« i^oin) jyta jnyv pa 
«^ii ynyn: ,Yvm ^ lyiy^i d^t ^^t ,iy-i^iiy:i tDp^c'yji:^ dh^k 
DnyiDK^ oyijj^P nyi jyT'^o rfyaynK^yj-iytojix dnt Dbxii ny 
— jj^^D^nys nyn pa J^ijybn^ sn inin jjip^t^pniv sn 

,3JiD^tD:i^2{§ nyn^ Dii^c^yn nyiy rJ:ijn-i^iyD yny .8 
pt< L:st:yD oyn pa ^jid^ioc^iv t^n rnD^i: tn oy y^^yn 'T'q 
'vbi^ ly^yii yJ5$"is J$ p« nyo^iK] T^in-nyoy-in-iya nyi pa 
-y-12 Dyn -it^a jyiyii ojybyn^Q b^r (:iJi^D«ny2 «n jyj 
yra^yr t<n o^ii? ,|yD{5j<iDj:^ yorj-'^N-iya xn pa D^ynn 
.5^x-iJS"ist3 jyr-i^D px w^'ii^^v^ r« oy n^ii /lybyjyi 
NH lynxn ^{<t oyijj^p "lyi ,1— .viii jji^^^nDnx 
IV rvpy: pN ]iv''^^ >W)i f]V2it.:2^ |yonyjivj^^« D3«in 
s-iy2 yr^Dyj^st i<n n^o jyn^T iv p^{ lynbitJ^ «n lySi^vyi 
;|yDj<s;t::^ ytorr^siya 5<n ps nj5$t:)5J'-Si^ii px JJijn''\-it3 
-iy2\s 'T'^bj pn ]vb^i tyr^vpj? pN py^'-Dtj' ,|yb^v y^jyt -lya^ 
.jyDxj^tojj' yDrj^-t^nys sn p« b^ 
yorj^^N-^ys 5<n p? Dny-ip Dyn pj^ik n^y:i lyn-'^i) iv 2 

; lytOXiiiDK^ 

;-iyj5§nj^&< xn d^d px |yt:)S{§DK^ yoyn^K'-iys «n lysj^^ii^; -[^is 



- 63- 

D^n nya^y^") /^vj^ip ps ; to^^v vvi inn |y"i^iiw t^^iy^yn 

.Dnyi pn ps D"'''V ^?n ^nn nj^r'-n ym 
pa :iJiS8tJ^ xn n^a ob^a ybx ,1— .vii jjib^Mt^ns 
-nys oyn pc jyDip lODiy IV ]vb^^ Ci'De:*pyx) vjyiiyn 

.jyj^^n^Q ynyn:« ^^3 t^^ii rivjinyDyn-iya ^'ii^ 

-yji^D /fyrw si toivii t<n nj?n"« ,b^T ,D5<jyD Dyn px rin 
-Nii!DK^yt3rj^"'Nnya t^n pa tojynnyia nyn nj^a iviyii D^y^j 
nynj< .jya^n^iyiojix d{<i ny b^T ov dd^dc> "ly |yii ; \v^ 
IV jyjijnjyiir^x yrn d"'» pniv jyp^c^ d^i iy ^^t /ID''J |yii 
fiy-^iiyj D:iybyj-ii<D Dii^^ty^v t^^^ dnt jy^^y^i px ,T''in nvi 
p^< |y:N-iiDJ^nyn |yvj^:i px lyjjnjyiir'-N* ^n b^f oyrn pt? 
jyii ♦'HNT ^«n jy^y-isti^yn iv lyronyj nyny^ii ^n pt^ ,^5?i-i"it^r 
»b^^i NH ly-i.T-Biva-in jy^^DK^ t^in |yn ps ^y^m ^•'iiv 
-y-iQ pa |y:jnjyiii^"'5< sn d^d fyDsinv ,;y-iyii \^p'\i'vy b^i 
lyDD^-itoyn i^ix Dxn bj<T oy^byii /T^in jy^^^iiv div DjyT't 
lyD^DC* rin |yrn pa •?v^^')'^ ^^iiv i^^« lyii ps ri^Ncx nx5 
ybya y^^yrx y^x ps* lyn^ .^i^Tyj ^ lyiyii o^n ^^r ,i:f 
^-in jyiyii tiJD^Dt^yn "lyr^M yT-'^a pa lyD^Dsr xn }yb^? 
y:D^yi^ /iy:i^nya xn pa \v^v^ ^n pi< "r'2f, px "8\f 



- 62 - 

-Djysyiya bsnic^r jyrn to^^vi:; to^^:; pa pK ,jyjjibi:fc$niyQ 
^x: lyQisin y^byii /paiyn jyS^nD ya^^yrst -lyo^ii^ ;|y3>^ 
iyD^LJB^-55^ i<n |iK .D''^nyj pN jy-iyn lyioi^sinyi iJir^D lyn 
lyTX v)n jy^y^ ps "lyny^^jD^o sn pa jyo^DC^-j'''': px 
pQ pytD2J''2 » pa :i:i<^-iya oyn f]^ix |yb^T ,y3}<ns ny-iy> 
iy"iyii jyi^-iDyiJ^nyn ,|yjyj"iv jyj^n dkii ,-iyiy^^jtD^D xn 

.^^jiit^^r Dyn px 
-lyi D^^i to^"'V t<n iin bj<T nypM yi^^2 pa yr^ .4 
D^fc5 "inyn tr^ix |y:iJib?ostnya nh iy:iy^2{< ,Dvn ,Dynj:^p 
t3"»j ^^iN /(T^in) Y^vi:^ Dyn pa JJ1D^DL^''!V "lyn jn^ jyto ••m 
-lypn "iiv sn 1x11 ^Dyn pa dij;? pv^:^ \^ P^ inynys^x 

.jyjJiv^T y-iy^n w^'^^n 
lyny-Tj-iya px jy-i{<to5<jyD xn -1 — .vi :lJ'l^^^^t2^^5 
-yn b^T yD^yn o^in^yn si t^Djyn -ly^n Ta lyrnp fy^^t 
yDi?p lyi pa lynyn D^njjivyj px yvm lin |yiy")"i ldd^di^^ 
-^iws ,ySya vbi< pN jy^^T ^n .jyD^^^t^ti^ yioj^rwnya xn pa 
t^a ^na pn fi^nyD^-jyiyna pN* jy^y-ii-iya ,nDj<-nya nyo 
,t:^y?oxnya jyr^T lyt^^n v^v't D^'^ ^t^^'v i<n ^nn tjDyiyt 
y-iy-i yiy^ -r-a p^5 ;]v^'\^i pa p^^ pnyi jynyji ^n |yii -lyij;? 
Dijji -lynjj^ \''? px ^n jyt^xT nyr^n y-iy^n px ynstnyi nyn^ 
.3Jij3y-i jynyj^va^ jy-iyi^ D-iyTi{jtayja''iN d^j 
,t2"'^v xn inin bj<T nyDy-ito-iya -iyi5< -ij<t:^jyD \'^'p .2 
-lyijy! |yt IV ly-iyi"! tojsiny^ ,t:ii'nyi'iyj t\s -iy y^^yi^ n^a 



- 61 - 

PN b^MD-iiN /Dvv^iQ ,yiNbp:x nvT "lytoiix lyDi^invD 

mr px S^T nyDv-iDiys px |yij^D5?:yD lybnyii ^,^* n^ii 

-"•nsryn vvi pyijy i^yrw "Tin d^^v nynr "iv ivp Dy-ijj;?p 
-j<jyD ton 1X11 ,i]:\:i'\v xn ney-iDyn^j^ dji^ii -lyo^iN* ,iyj:!i» 

.ly-iyii nbnyiiyi lysij^n jynji^D 
p^s» Djyt^Drjyii |y^D^{ny^ ^n b^T Dynjjj^p nyn .2 
'^^^ |ytoD-iy Dyn pn b^T jjii^r^^nye xn pN* ,-inN^ n b{<» 
•lynjx 15$ pyryj ^in lyD•'D&^'y3 -"n lyn^-'o nyacyvyn px ^nd 

pl^1^? |y^{<T IV \v2^n b^^ T^in oy^y^ .1— .v j^ib^^nt^nx 
pl''ix pt{ lybnxii NH pa jytoxDijiryi xn pi^ik ,|y^nNii xn 
Dy^n^^xD X px ,-iyny"'p:ito^o v^'t ps yD3y-i-bnNii xn 
; jy^xT y:^ntD''ij xn jxnDiva^ix jijy:i pn i^^r rnn |yny^ p.s 
p^x ps iJiSj^xnya xn |y:y^3{< ]v? bn^)i v^v^vbp x lynjji 
xn Tx ,py"n{<3 iv lo^xn ]v:ii^ri px pyijx pD''ix J{<d 
"J1X px D1X xTx Pi""ix ,|yDip jy^^T "ly^y^^JD^D yijy^nyQ 
.jyD^toc'yn ^nn-a toyii nn oyny^ x*-!! ,|yQX'^rDS^' v^bv^i< "lyD 
Dy x"-!! ,\]}biv^ xn jy^^nc^yn iv tD^n V)n qv^v'' .2 
ytDDy^K> n^D -lyiy^i^jLi^D yj^njysx-ito^^'yn iv ,|y-in"'a "^n b^r 
xn ps bytsm •'^•n:^ ps ^jid-'d^i:^ nyi d^d ,px jjnn^sa^ix 
«ny^iD^iD X jyo^itoc'iVD^ix ,-iyny^^:D^D 



- 60 - 

.D^nyiiyj Diyii iy ]vy 
jytoxKtDtJ^ ytD:i^r''N-iyD «n pa tDjyn^Tyisi-D^^ii -lyn .4 
-^n to^j b^T ly "iy3j< ,::5i!jyD pa -ly^Jyvn-l^D iyi pn b^r 
fl^iN ^"bj lyr""? jyrD^DK^ xn jyii "lyonx ,yo^oK^ p^*:) |yi 

.|yi3>'>T yn^^a 
p« ytoDjijya y"iyn:j< yr^r jy^nyii b^r tost^yo "lyi .5 
iojynny-iQ-D^^ii lyn jyii .,yb^^^i nyn Pi^ix D^ynnyna {< ^^i« 
DjynnyiQ oyn pa DD^^aa «n Dinto ny jyii -iynj< ,^n^j ^^? 

♦jytost^tot^' ytrrr^Niya ^n pa 
•"iyD:)"i5^ IV i:3XD xn ]vi^i^r\ b^] p^bs to^jyo nyn .6 
-lya |y:"'n ^^T jyii pN ; yoDxyn |y:yj lyjt^bpjs ybs jy^ir 
.pys^nya iv'^it, jyiyiitj^ "^n jya-isn ,pyiiv jyryn iv n^yo^r 
D-iyii |yn5${§t3ti^ yDj^j^^i^iya «n pa njynnyna nyn ]V'\\ 
; "lyijyvm^a "lyn pn iyD3n~iy3"'iN -lyT Pi"i{§n ,tDQL*'Dy3 
->DtJ'iv "iyn|n{<|y-iyii tob^MmiN-iya to^j ^j<t ]i<\-)VB r? pi< 
.jyjyiiv jyj^n ya^yii nyiy^^jo^D bytom ^^iiv pa ::^D 
lyjiay^ rx dxii ,iyDDj<y3 yt pa iJia^iDi^yn t^n .7 
pa |yvyTn{<iyn ^b^ nyto^-'ii jnyji n^j bj<T onbi^ jy-i^iiy: 
;j$ lyn^'-bpyn iv toDyi dxt nn^t^ pa lyronyjpyiii^ px DDjjt 
-yt^t^js: y2^p:iy"itoj''^t< iyi5< ybytoK^ yn^ntoiya 8 f^Dj^oyiny 
; |yL3X5<t2K^ yDrr''t<iya sn pa Ji:)'nyjy-i nyi nyojiN ::ib 
-J1X pn lyiyiitooyn pa bj<T lyDb^^nDiisiya iyi lyn^ 



-59 - 

DNxntJ' nv^v ps ::ny^jy-! Nn ^^t ,t:)NstoK^ 8 pa nyo 
.t^n^ ]v:nvb Dyn lyb^siVD^iN bn^ii y^j 8 ]V'^vb\>iv 
lyny-i ny>n jy^nyii b^r ,nn-iyDy-ito-iyD d^t .5 
«^n \vb^] p-i^K ^>T ixj |i« ,yDDi?yn y"iyn:N |in hvp'^ao) 
.yDDxyn D:iJi-i^jy-i |y:ii<^p-iy3 iv d3j<d «n ]V2 
-••^x-iys Nn pD DsijyD -lyn .1 — .ni j^i^-'MDn^ 
lyiy^ ps jy-i^tostjyo >^"nv pa ]r]v\:i^V2 b^^ jynNNtotJ^ yi^rj 
-D''t^>ny^ -ly^r pD jy-iyii ^Siynyj iy^5<r yD^yii rOXNDK' | 
r^« |y35<n bxT -i^»D^jyD nyny> px ,nn^^ opyr fi-'ix nitJ'D^''^ ! 

♦VD^DC^ i 

s*^ii ^^-ib:! ^irx jy-iyii DS^\nDyj ^n |y^^T ,bni^n -lytoD-iy j 
t:)i)nyiiyj ^^t bv^'^ii p^x d^i ''ITk ,|yDNi?p ••m p« ^""^jyo 
^nn :iny^ jy-iyii -ly^iy ]V)) p« ; nnj<^ ^^nv vbii jynyii 
ty^i iD^^v nyn ps* ,id-in» nynjj< |n f]^it< -iynj< t^it ty:iNTDjy 
typ /jyiJ^vv v^'p |yaj<n ldnj^j^ej^ Dyn pa -lynyjivyry:! t<n 
www ra^ib-ij^s toN*xtDCi^ lyjn^:?! Dyn pa jjnyjyi t^n 
pa JJibnxnya -lytoD^yj lyi r-'n |y-ij<t2N:yD (jyoj-'j^aN) 
v^'ivb Nn ly^j^aD^iN \i^ib^] oy^^yii ,t^in nyayrvyry: Dyn 

.-ly^-iy 
bi^] "ly 1X11 ,^^*DNjyD « |y-iyii t:^j |yp nyj^^p ,3 
^n pa iv^i^n N -in{<^ p^j p^ px -in^^ ro'^m pn to^x d^: 



-58 - 

fDpy-in t^n px -lyDy-iDnya sn pa bn^^ i<n .3 
nyny^tj^nys t^n jyc^'^iiv |y-iyii top^\nLny2 jy^^r py^^tDt^- 
in^!; lyn t:''i^ ,njin |yn iv ]V'^vr^v^ dnii /jytostytDC^ 
?r8 fi^ix lynyii toD^to^yn b^r y:)^yii /-iyj""ixiir\s» y-iy^'-r pa 
yro ]v^^]))i |yjj<r-iyQ y^ns ^{n pa bnj<^; nyi iv Dj<n .d-is 
niyj j< i>a jyjyn iv toyt:)D''i?aQiya ^n jynxn y^i^yii ,Kn 
'^"5 wbn^'i DNI1 ,iyji§nj"'t< nyo^is— fyinj<> pa it^D jyo 
ynJ8 ybs* pa ^yjo^j'-a "-m jy-iyii Djy^yjiv |y^{<r— ly^-'D^^ 
ynvii DDSiroyj ^j<t j:i^ny^ ytoro^Dc^ya ^5^ -jyjj^nya y-i 
5y"iJi^pDyTpa3Ji^D{<nyaiyDDiy nyn -|x: nnj^^ ^ni pj< 
in^^ \r\v)i y^x nyn^x: px ,|ynj<s;L:^ ytsrj^^xiya xn pa 
VI .yvm Tin }yD''toK'yn jyi^yii ^n x^n ,l3-ix ntx ^i^iji 
lyr^N D^x nnyD d^j pn b^^r nytDyito-iya xn pa bn^>^ 
ynj^n Pii^n dxbsds^ lyny^ -iynj< /^^yfitD j^D^m v'-^v' fi'"ix 
OT Dj<')"i ,i:^^v -lyn fn px oyDyito-iya p^x Djynoji^jyii 
lyn bj<r ,iyiyii Daxoyj Dyii Jjnyp^yaya ly^ pa jjibnyv 
XDDXD ;''m jy^nyii iv DDyi \V2i^n Tjyaroyn vj DxxDEi^- 
•^-la pa iy^J^^5<p xn px njyb^^x ni{<n-i ;ddx ,DDyn:i^'D 

••J ;Dpyr ,p-l5<M''J ;PlJ^a ,D^p^DyjJ{;?p ;Dyj''^X ,Djyini 

ayr^x /-lyiiy^yn ; ddx /y^r^ii5^^D:)ya ; -iy>a ;myK»n 
,pi:^a ,yrKbj<-)yp n::-i5<: ; jny^* ,x^j^crnTi'i ;DpyT njyWn 



jyn^r iv n^sib dxt i^d ynn sn lyiyan iv ,tD^''pi^D3yT 

ty"i^^ynft{toy |ix Doya jybyDJj^ nnn yi:yr:ip3XJ ynyrjix 
-^^xiya NH "T'a Ci^^vvd^ddj^'p) j:)iDeta-iya y^^yj^j^a 5<n 

.^pnyr:x pa jy^s^DK^ yiorj 

.1 ^ V p •• t2 ^ i< 

b^T nyabyii /iyD5<{<t:jj' ytorr^N-iya k^t pa Dy-i:ij{<p 5$ ^v 
-nsy-i) -lytoy-imya pa V)n k px toj^jyo ^ pa \nv^^V2 

.(nvnyD:yT 

-yn ^^T nn-nyoy-iD-iya dnt .1 — .n iji^^^nons* 
^^iiv vb^ D^nyiiyi ly-iyn y^byii ,iyny^^jt3^n pa pyt^K^ 
.|ytD{<i<t2tj' yjyny^^iya sn pa p^^a dsi ^^a nn^^ 

iy IKI1 ,nyDy-iD"iya 8 ly^yii t^^J lyp nyr^p .2 
inj^' lyayr d^j pn pt^ nn^^ rvjsiiv px iqra ^b^ to^j pn* 



56- 






- 55 - 

1 ivnyab^T piN 16 /nyn^n ps c'n^^J^p n^iB n^s toinypp-iy 
jiDirna DJj^jyt^'n D5$"'bSi dt:^dj<j jy^Nn pN n^^i y^M^ 
"1^2 p^D pa bjji'ivD -iinn-ix px Djynnyns i''2 stpDs^iayj 

.Djyn^iy-i£i-D^"''n 
^jyfitD Dnynjin b^o oDyr pa loyD^^feJivba s d'-d 
"lyn iy"i{<"nyj iDbnyiny '^b^'ppv^ Dj^^b^ii t^x iv^^^^ 
-vm^ii ]V^m^ Vii i^K^py^^x viv'^ ''2 ^n^yT'Ty-ia -iyLD25 
.jyD^DJj^ 13,923,102 ijs;^ jy^^j^: pN* iy-ij<iiya ]V2 
Ts 7,104/779 p« jy^nn ts toro^D^y:! lyn^n 6,502,925 
^^iN* |yi?Nsyj TN* lyD^DCJ' 315,398 yjnyrx «n ,^ bj ^p pyro 

♦jyDsnnJsp 4 y-iyn:^ i<n 



r^n 1897 ''^rpp:;!:: ns'^^^ii 



-y:i rx :i:)i^njsin yr^D^ii yoK^ny D'^^j^ppyo tsjynnyis 
-:^p pa jjivn ^iDDpy p-is jyai-iynj^^x o^^^ ly dnt /lyii 
I^d!?^!!,, t^nssD jynjyn^nDnpy jsi Dyi jy-iyijy iv nix Dyn:i 
"inyo |yafc?K^-iya iv /f^nj^ta j^s^pyD^'iQ nv''^ ^ f\'M^ ^bbu 
in^^ 4 yDvyb xn jjn-'jy-i -lyn -^^a (yoarpr^N) nyi^yn 
.|y35«jD^iN ^«^ n*^ii '■\vii':v'\) Va iyiiy:i ytoarpr^K xn r^t< 



- 54 - 

1893 ''^5» ivn^iiya DjyQyiy rs iJi5?yi3trD''iNt:byii «n 
-Jin pa to^\ijyTy^i:x lyi pt? |i« nj^biv^p niyT-Ty-ia "^^a 
"lyi ]V?v vbii p2 Dbyo{§ny2 ,|y:^T-iyQ nyiiyr^iio -lytDiyn 
piK ^jyc^r ,pip ps JJ"lJ^:•'^^<■|yD i<n jy-iynjit^iiya iv to^yiv 
-D-'ix xn nDiryn jyn^n ly^^jyc t^^i^^D 27 nyrt^ ♦DinDD''n 
yD^^iiv xn .D-i^toonpy tasn xn dsii ^''''V "lyn -1^2 jiby^K^ 
p-intoD |n{<3jyr''K -iyD'''n:i lyi jyiiyj rx D^jj"'''N"iy yrtoD^ii 
.DnyDK^ yD^n:i yiynsst ps px j^ii^p^ej'o px 

"i^s lybnsn") ^5n }yn:'isy3tDj<Dtj' nynyii jynxn 1896 p6< 
--ibtQ -iyjj<p"'bniQy-i xn Dxn p^qdnp jyryn p&< .D^ynnyia 
j^K^jyiij^p DyT pj^is Dij<snst^S) nn^« p^5 tobyDtJ^yjD"'i« ""^ld 
(Issues) lyjstnc yrDD^ii "•'•iiv 1896 t'av |yDl6 /PniS .dd px 
psnpm:; b^T |yo ljd^m dnt r^j^» iji^d px ijjtt^pyro^ia 
px ,f)n5<D irnpyD^iQ lyD^in t< fy^^^r:) px bu {j^dtii Dyi 
«^ii '•iTx jyn^^bn i3j<T DtD^^DD ^yD'»''jv sn ps ibv^ sn d«i 
|t55^:)yi"ij^p lyryn pi^ik .ib^i ps onsia oyn Pi^ifc< lynna 
^bi^ppyn D»t^^''Ti toi^j^ioj^j nyj{$p^^3iQy-i xn ]V2^n 

Oyi"IJ<3 px tDJyn^TyiB l^a I^^^J^m^ pa CWilliam McKmley) 
-D^-ill T2 myiJ'n VJ pa Garret A. Hobart DlJ$3^n .N 

.Djyinyna 



-53- 

^^Dij^s pv^Ti: xn n-'s ]vz>^hvi 1880 rx t^s lya^yii 

fDjyD^">vyjD^"iN p-i{<i2C' y] lynxn jyoD^biQ^Q «n .ny:ybp 
|iN lyiDDy-ijj^p x^n ^<T ,Di^Dpy^y v^^'i^ injy^nyiny 
-yi njybivbp "1y11^?■^:I r^fc^ 1893 yw^ iyo4 nyi .|yi&<toi§iyD 
♦iyi35<eit2L^ yDi^j^-'^nya n^t pa Djyn^ryns nyD24 "lyn jyiK^i 



.1897 rn 1898 ^l:l];b^^'bp n^nsn: 

,iynna jyn^i^yj jyaynt^^yn t^x y^Bsi->:j<^n Dnjyi?ivbp 
-''^vy:iD^ix rjyii -inyr ^n dnh |^^V5§"iDD^:^Dn8 yo^^iiv pn 
rx L3"'"'pj''i3D^ii pa Vi^n\2 yto^iy pn .lyiDC^-iy nyn pa lOjyD 
-^yii f]'"ix Dy"i:i:^p pa 3:iv''r yby^vyao k lyanivr'-x ]vwi 
yvm ^ /Dps |5<D-iyK> Dyi lyai-iy^ipniv dnh |yo lya 
-"•^N-iya N-'n pa niK^ryntD sn dnt oyD'-ibyj Dxn -lyDbyii 
•lya^^T "lyi^^i i^^^^d •'•"iiv -i^a jyanp no lynststtoK^ y^r: 

.DStj^D |yny^ 
|ytD5$fe$toK^ yDj^j^^xiya Nn px bstnyn^N lyt^aytryj sn 
]vv\ i^')) p-'jjo ]v:i'bpv\^ NT8 .toDyi^K^ -inyr jyi^iiyj |yj^n 
jya^n jypnasta pN |yDj<iny3 jya^n |ypj8tn |yii ,in^^ 
t:^j lyDSi^DC' yD:i>:^^Kiya fc<n ]V2i<n lyiMo xn t3D5$oy:iv 

.1873 D^^T t5Nny:i 



-52 - 

-nj<^Bto 5$ \v^^\>V2 21 ps toynn^^D « pa jyn^n jyoynp 
"Stio 5§ ^^is pt5 nvtD5$D:yTnay-i i^^ Di^n pN 135 pa Dyia 
y^j Nn i^iN DKH jybnBtii yryn ""^b .DyijyD ps oyt^n^^ 
,^:v'm by^a Djy^Btbst Diyoij^a ^^Dij^ia 
'D'^'m^ DiNomyn pa in^^ jytovyi) Dyn 1892 px 
;y:nny^ 400 oyn loiy^^ay: stpny^N pjj?: D^^^ ,|^^Vi$"iD 
pa .Di3ni^{<p Tin etpnyrost 3:)ipyinjy lyn pa Disyb^ni'' 
Diy^^ay: ^u^p^si'n PN rx ny2j<Dp5j5 iyn23 vi |yD21 nyi 
"ro^yii |y:^3»j<^j<p lyn i^a 3Jijy^-n:yD{$njia Nn jy-ij<iiy:i 
IV jyoD^^^i^ya Dj<n Dy-ijj{<p lyi ys^yii o:ii^yD5i'D"''i« 
lynny 400 jyiyn j'ja j:^p:yiJN' yriiy p^^^ D^ys lysi^D 

.Dii<y5?uv 
i^n px jy^nyiii NH lyaj^^ynytojix ]v:'''! o^^v lyryn iv 
j^D^-iyn pDStc^HJyB o-i^rJD^j nyny^ii jynxn -iy:5<P^b3iay"i 
lyn pa i^'Dpstnyi Dy"t ,nn i^^d^'-ii px n^yT'ty-iQ "i^a 
rj< Di^anss^Q -ly^n .tojy-inyia-D^ni -i^a pnno pi^-i-vj 
ps b'2 'byppvr2 oyn DTo^nrx ,i^£j'pyD5<-iQ Ta lyiiyj 
-5<-ipj<Dyn &<n .|{<jr^nt3D^rmj§ DJNon-iyn Dyr^DyjbtJ pN 
-iv^p ny"ii5<i3 lojyT'Tyia-Dpy Di^rroj^j lyiy^ii \v2i^n ;yD 
1^3 r^r5'b\s pa |j<Djyivt:D '•"•^ix p^5 tDjynny-ia va m^b 
,]V^D'b)B^B lyii^ '•^D-i^a D^ys^Q i<n .Djynny")Q-D''^ii 
,s:i"i^"5$ D^i« Weaver nyivii b^iiyjyK^n Di^j^D^j lynxn 



- 51 - 

lis lyDip ya^yii ,|ybp''Dist ms sn ci^is ^nv jyiybive^nx 

t:xn nbt5:i px .DDj^SLirs p'ba o DO"'^cm lynynpyo d^^dd 
•lyD^yii ,pyTyi Dj<n lysny^pniv ^^npjj<-is pN njy!^K^t3''n 
-^iyD{§ -iy-i:yp "'^n:; yryn px jy-in^s^^mN* lyo^myD t^xn 
-»£3K^ t|i«ix ; t^s^i)^ yLibypyQyi "iyj{<pnyD« ps n^D lyJStp 
Nn y-iy^^DK^ DnyjySpnys :'y''D jynxn jy^bn^is p« lyj 
n^a loyoDn^ayj {ynxn ^n b^"'ii ,|yDpnj<iQ -lyjstpnyDj^ pa 

♦l^c^pyo ^D^D5<^Q^Dy-i Dyn 
-jys M jy"i^*iiyj tD*n''ay:i3nn to'^^v nysbynyi pN t-^n* "i^IwS 
Nn D-iyoy-mya by^a l2^?^ b^3 iJjj'^DjyQ -lyryn .b*3 iJ;?"'D 
-^ib^D yDjynyjD^iK yn^x ps» yDy^J^s1nyD pa jj^^Djya 
pa i^^Djya t^n p« yyjDist did''^dd nyD"'^jv -lyn pa |yD 
TN* pyiiv lyryn iv y3stJD^it< t^n .d^did^ pn* mjD^x yny^"'? 
y^5< .^n^^ {$ ivb^i \^^b'D 150 ra ]V'^^)m D-iyDy-i:-iya 
,DD^"'DD nyn^^ji^ lyD'-ix ,iy^^nv D!?yii lyi pa }y:^^V8J 
^]V^bvn Djynp |yv^tDK> iv Va ^itx d^j no^p 
fl893 ^^i?Jo ps D^n ^♦D^DtJ'yn Dy-i:i:{<p nytyn dnh i^it^ 
Di^ :jii?yn:^'DnN-tDbyii s; |y^J^at2{!tL^t^' j<ayip>t^'D pt< ^^t 
TTin 5$pnyD^ :iJ"!pynD:iy nyn pa lyp^yiJN ivy'^rw' 400 

.DUDI^^P 

« iy^^^^y:i lyrn D^^n yryn s^^ii oyn "|SJ D^^>f yv-np s 
Dy-ij:^p p-i^a (Dj^c'pyby) \vbnm jyDipyj-i^a t^k y^^^^ 



- 50 - 

lyn^^jnyQ lyixn \v^:vo i^vv)^ ^n^ ^yn^x V2 .lynyo^ii 
-lysj fK Dint2jyr''K ny^^i l9''bi»^D 10 -i^a jix ivayb -ly^n 

«iyi^iiy:i t^yoa^j 

yD^n:i s Dj^nyj nyjstp^^aisiyn sn lynsn jj^c^^nDD^j'-rDnt^ 
-3-in lijypy:) ••n juaxn Dnsn ,')wn yr'-'n p&< DyDnj;!i"'StD 
;y"i^iiy:i lysinyjuj;? r^x ^v:ibv)') fbu-^in^D Dy^^j ^ ]V'\n^Si 
jyn pB nyDs:snya Dyn pa jyo^j Dyn pj^ik "b'':i-^b^^ppVK>„ 
11^ yD^n^p nyi pa |{$Diy:^D jyiiya t^« nyD^yii ,bb^3 
rs b^3 pjnsiD lyryn pa Q^vjno -lyn /'d^d ^jy d''''^1// 
-'•"'N |yiy:i lyntoonrx "lyj^pny^oK x^^r jyv^^yn iv jyiiy: 
yo-inj t::i''''byJD'ny! Dt^n b'-H nyi— py-iipj^p y^^Nya^n 
tyjyp iyi^ iy"iyii d^ii ,|y^p"'D"iK y^N* pi^ix Cytii"'n) ^^v 
"lyn pN ,|ytD{<{<ntj> yDJ^J^^^?■|ya «n p^« lynyii DT^n^ia 
bi<^ Dyn }yDijynyt2:^nyn jyvjst:i px -|^i« dkh b^n lyn^yr 
-^"iQ D^i^roy^j jyjyp dxii jy^NT fi^iK -lynns jyiiyj rx d^ii 
tWi"^^ t^'11 ''1TX }yD5<^D5i^ yL::^r^5<-iya nh px jyiyii Di^vn 
syj '6u •'^rppyD,, lyryn tu tn ^-iix -y-iynjx px ysstp 
px lyD^n jyD-i^D y^N pi^i&< D^yoiya 25 pa b^v 5§ jyii 
•iyD^ii< lyasnaK^ ynyi:« yi?N px nyau loxn b^2 lyryn 

.^5^^ pa D^nayn tr^bjjy 
-3^11 St nnyt jyjiayj nn tDxn '6u ^^J^pyD,, jyryn px 

(Reciprocity) ^tD^D^"lfi''Dy-| jyD^J Dyi "lyDJIN I^K^pyD "ly^D 

l:3Sid «n t2:yinyiQ oyi jynyiyj D^n j^s^pyo nyryn 



-49 - 

CDS Dn lyD^xnyj Dxn px n^tD^Jyo DD*'*tOD *iyD''"'i'!'» 

n^iDnyD sJDynybp^ "lyi ps 3ji:sy-iy xn jyiiyi t^x Djyin 
39/030 D^sinLijy n^Dmyts yryn .jyoD^j^^^p yo^^ii td 
yc'^JSinrN y"iyn:i? ps jy^^D p5< ^n loreyj p{< b^^» -lyiipo 
1889 bnsx |yo22 oyn |^''V8D5§i?pj<-iQ s ^in ^lyjiivyrya 
.|y»y^i§ "i^D ^na ps }ya^ lyi^iiyj mnyi^p-iy nj5§b D^n ri< 
jynnDyja^ijiv dnh iodj^tdix njetb ly^ynp iv c^jin^i -lyi 
N^^i nyrjyii px px lyt^jyo -iy-i:yT^itD ^pnyos |»jsi5 pa 
fc?.|y^"iy:i nynna r^N oy inii ,|yDnj<n r« |yr:i§3^D -lya 
4,000 D^D /ynoij /Dn^Dt:^ 5§ |yDps!iiy:ia""ifc< ,D"'jyt2Dm 
p« jyjJiD^-'v y3^^:yD nya ,iypjj$3 ya^^isy ,-)yj''iN'nr^K 
Nn TN 1890 pN /-lytDyac^ nnj<^ j< .^sny2^{< oi^p onioD 
in^^ pN .61,834 jyiiyi pt^ Nroynybp^ pa :jnypi)yayn 
yioi^psn niai^j : dd^'-dd y^^: 4 ly-i^iiyi jyt^byjiv ?"•« 1889 
.yjyDJND px |^d::^^sii ,ynDi^p8n noietD 
"iy:''^x lya^noy:! tji^x y^ laxn -in^^ jyn^yr ayi px 
"jn^cj'n pa biao nyn rx d^i — typ^biiiN ytDoyii w-'T pa 
|yD31 Dyn |ya^iDy:i y^ dnh lyajjyii ,y^r>iib^D:)yQ ,p^DD 
]viy:v^ m lyr^n xn d>» d-i^dk> yvisij Nn .1889 ^^eto 
ynjyr ^tDij' ^<n ^^2 lyi^iiy: |y:^-itoy:pyiist p« D^^^^i^aiya jyrn 



-48- 

Viorj^-'S-iys) sn ,p"is^ vj pD |«Di^D .3 '•iv^ |i« vjyn:^K po 

D3NDW ly^NH p-)N^VJ DNNDB^ D^T jlQ \V0'^^ Sn .^ytSKT 

jNDn-iyn poytj^njya ps w^V't ^v nvjNp^baiavi i<n 

.DjyinyiQ nyo23 nyn jynNIIVrPK CBenjamin Harrison) 



J892 rn 1889 ]«Dnn«n pytrn^ys 

n^yn DN^^^ii pQ byp^r^s p^« ,|«Dn"iyn pDytrnjya 
-NNtoc^ yDrj''''5<iyD «n pa DjyT'ryiQ |yt39 Dyn ixomyn 
,1838 tDDij^ |yD20 /i^^j<mj< p« |y-iKiiy:i lyTiayi rx ,iyD 
PK DyD-Diyir^ix ^loy^sto oyi toruyy^ "ly dnh 1852 p« 
Dy-)K |yiiy:i rx ny .^^ mniDB^ dnh iy .^^5<ni^ ,-n^sDp^ 
nyn to-'D yjy^rx ^sj D-iynjy5^iyjD''it5 diiki tosn p^« 
DDK '^ylDl^'-ly pn .v:^i6 pn ly-iyDyniyc iv |yD-it<i jjiiBsn 
-»i«) to-iit<p Dn3iD Div lyio-iKsy-i jyiiyj t^« yjynr« p« 
-yjD^iN loi^n iynp lyn^n lyn lyii ,1861 p^? -Ct^anyr-iys 
SI ps yv^QK^ nyn jk yy^is lyn p« pnx ly rs /jyax-ia 
-Kina pa jjsi oyn toa^niy ny tDxn 1865 px -tooyD^jyT 
ny loxn riynp -lynu ps yn:y lyn ^kj .^KiyjyK^n-nyn 
-ys^-iQ yiD^^ pn pK nDSiD^^n pn '^s*: D"inypyjpni>; ^n 
|y"i^iiyi D^nyiiyi iy r« 1880 px .-iiDj^p^in^— i^'D 



- 47 - 

^?''11 ir^ypixv pv ,!3i;iyiiK^ rp rn ^': ^xt dv >^i]n'fv^B 
irnypixv yrrn .1876 pt^ d^\-i pN \v^b'^ pa i)j<s px 
,|j;bNji2nD t3^"'tDD ^-in i^nyii lynrj^D^y }^ js^i ps lynD 
fy:i }^E»t^nj^?D^« frsit^^t^,, nyn (3) .Dvi:ijsp Dyn ^in d^j 
sn px lyryj^i pD :!j'nj;ijj<iir''i< «n lynyinys iv pyry:! 5$ 

^yiiNNDir yDri'-^snya 
"•^a-it^ W^i^ri ;KtJ'^ntDD*'r»^^? Dn2y^^v!?p ps :j5?bjx px 
ps jynn^j^n^ i!f |yTiny:ijx ^n ^^i6 jyv^Nj ]-iyn^t< -lyto 
Dy .lyDyiytorN yjyj'-''^ ny^n n^s jyasjoyp iv din DJi^^jv 
px t:^^3"iN lyc^^iiv jyio^nD*^ yb^s |y3JNsy:ijs* ^v jy^Nn 
Dxn 1886 p« T'bnjy ra ; DDJiitp^^s pi< op^noD ,^ND^a5?p 
.Dp^nDD vybpv\^ px jyat^iByjo^iN ^jijyiiyn vwi 
lys^iiDyj ^n toxn lyo-'ntot^^ yb^s sn pa -lyoDny lyi 
jyn .Dp^nDDy:! ]V2^i'i ly^^ui^^ 40.000 it^ii t^jyip^t^^ pi< 
pyj -iy^"'D"'N Ds*n ^jibDt^nya -lyD^bojiyay jn* fi^ii< '^d |yD4 
y^D^n xn .''•'V^^^<3 -lyn pa d^d -lyi px yn»t<n 5^ jyai^-n 
-NQ ^«n ^D^-^D^bj^a yb^a Dy*i:'5S^'nya ps tDyD^^Dy:i Dj^n 
Nn Pi''iN ly-iyiibsiiy-i tD"'» lyaij^iiyjamN ^n |y3Nn D^^bD"*!? 
«|yDipy3D^t? iy:^n yt^vyb sn pa yby^a px ytobyDsriya 
|y-iN^iy: D-i^oyv^-ia -lynssj |yj"'"'T nyn.T'a -lyD^^siN yr^^^s 
ny^DyiiNJ pi< px D^it: di^ |y"iNiiy:i Db^nt^iix-iya ps 
.jy-ii^i^y:! iyjjj<nyj yto^^^nniiNiya xn pa 3 |yrn 1887 
-XDyn «n lya^n 1888 pa Snx^i jyiDjynny-ia Dyn px 
t:jyn^ry"ia "I's i:ySivbp "iyiiN"i: dt^dnj nyny^ii jyoynp 



-46 - 



.1889 r2 1885 n^y^^v^p ^yii^n: 

|yt3l8 |yn ^o-iys^^n-rj rx lyixiiyj iy-i^nv:i rx njy^^iv^p 
^NJ DDS"i2y: -lynxD pn Dn^s tot^n 1841 p« .1837 pyo 
(•"•K rs 3:in^V"iy v^^'W pr lyDbsniy dnh ny .piN^rj 
,{<bN£j<3 rs ^b DTnii^tJ'y:! dnh ,|stDi^^p p^ y^Dyisip^ 
/"•n^^Dst iDpnDon lijyDD^DDK |yiiy:i "ly^D^<J rx ly isii 
*NJ jy-isiiyj toSiyiny "ly t^n 1882 px .^^^'"o |i« finyK^ 
iDNn "iy t:?Dx jy^^yii ,p-iK^n tDXNtoK^ oyn ps nNnyii 
IV tDi^ t^J^?TDJy "n^r dnh iy w'i) /1884— 1883 Dyn^^bpxa 
,|yt25<xt:5K^ yDrr^Niys xn |ifi Djyn^ryna ]V\V'i) 
px tJ^Tsnip jyo^i-^j D^?3 jND SI D^x lor^vyi ^n losn ny 
-^*id:^P |yiiy: r« Dy-i:iJNp "lyn bn^iiBS ^ya-'Vjns) ytDDya 
Nn pD t:s;3yD nyi :|y^D"iNQ yjy^y^K^nya '•'•iiv pa dt^j 
-^DyT p2 nvDyt^jyTyiQyi iij< Disin d&^i p« ny^Np^bnisyT 
.yvyryj y^DD^ii ^m jy-in^aiv^nn |yjj"ipy:i Dn-ix fx f|yDN-ip 
-nyiQ "lyn jyii .n n ,Dp^^ nyjbj^MXJ ts^yn-'TyiQ nyn CD 
-{j'-iyiJN jyrn nyiKy'T'''n lymt^DK^ ^jyTirynQ d""^"!! px lojyn 
px DtD^"»toD 11^ nyDynpyo nyn lynna ^t?T /rnysjix x^ii 
"W'ivbB y-iy^n jy^nynya ytD»^<y2 toyi^2«p v^V'^iii "lynas^j 
^NT lyro .n .i ,(1887] ^yryj Jjibnyv D-ij<t5py^y -lyn (23 
D''"'ii pfc< t2jyT«Ty-ia Ta jycD^DK' xn jybnyv dix fc^rx f]''ij< 



-45- 

pD -i>:yK>rrt5 lyn ♦lynn dd^n pyn^s pnaojyn -iyj"'bpn2i 
(John A. Eoebiing) jj^^^yn .K |{§K^n jyiiy:! t^i< pna "lyn 
lynx r« ny 1867 pt? |yt2^''2-ii< jyjjxayjjx ^5n Dxn ly 
Dxn :ir^2y'i |«o:ir£^xii jnir pn pi< jyo^o p{< jya-i^DK^yj 

.1884 px lonjyy: xv 
-ly a |yiiy:i jyj^n 1884 p« Djyn^ry-iEa i^s ^n^nii -lyi p« 
DD^^sj^n D"i^rn{<j ]v^i^n ly^Np-'baiQyi xn .|yD8injxp 
D^^n -1^3 l^j^^ .« jnxE^n px Djynny-iQ -i^a p^i)^ ^•'K>n 
lynynsiv |y"ny:i jym "d-ix3 lyryn pa y^N t^^j .tojyinyia 
pN t3^^MtDy:iQ{< y] ]V2iir\ yb'-a ps jj^^v^^d^j lyryn d'-d 
.DQD^iij^D jyoxj DyT -iyD:i« ^^^-ists y^^j 5§ tDyunjyj 
yD^yii '•'•D-ixa yt^^^OwS-ipN^yn t^n DV^DtJ'iyDJiN jyaxn ^^r 

|^<^ ,(Grover Cleveland) njy^lV^p "lyil^lJ Dl^J-'DNJ tOXH 

Dpmjyn D«i»^nD ps Djyinyis "i^a ,p-iK^vj pa -iN:-iy"ii«:i 
♦Djynny")a-D''''ii i^a y:ynj^i< D^ifc« 
t'T'^oyj ,|y^^.D"isi3 yjyiy^K>-iya ny^a pa jxc^jyiiJ^p st 
-n:j$ pN Dpy^jnj /''•'^Dista i^^^'b,, /'^^dixsi obvQ'Brt 

1^3 ^Q^D^DD^D pa t:Dyii .d .i^ pi< Djynny-iQ i^a ly^D^a 
-yi xn lysNn 1856 pa i^nxD jyoc'-iy Div .Djyivy-i3 d^'^^i 



- 44 - 



.1885 rs 1881 nint^nx .« ^v^dv^^ 

jyiiya rs o:"in^v-iy E^ny^xp &< |yDbt<n-iy losn ,1830 r« 
ps 131N3 iypit^^-r: pa li^Dpy^Kp |in nyiny^-bniK^ n 
jyDl8 p-i&<^-v: pN jysnNiotJ'yj ps ny .1878 — 1871 

.1886 -lynDyiis: 
-''Tyn3 pK jynxiiyj lyDijyj:^ jym yvyrya yroD^ii "•^iiv 

^v pytyj SI— ,b^3 C^nyn^-'ii by^Q) ^Dyj"'^j<£i ^djk lyi 
'^nvD ]v:ivh nynx |ynioeti^*n iv Djj^rDiKD xn jyto^mya 
lyDonp yDpyo 5$ jyr^T |yj{<o-iXD «n) ,''ns p''fc< d^d s''11 
lyjy^JD Dyn Tin .-lyn^^i -inyo dnii jynsn p5< jyn^ibi Dt<ii 
Dy tDNn pyry: ivwi ,]v^'^^^ii^ vyb''\r]V^Vi yb^Q jytDipn^s 
-'•'"iiv nyn r&« ^5^3 D^"i"n^j<D b'^vo lyn ps (tDDSic^^yjia^ oy^K 
"y^a I^ I^Dpyj^^n v-njy DjynnyiQ p2 .pyryj "lyD^W^: lyo 
jyrn ^n ^"ii /Dpnt d^j |ynyii DbyiDc^y:ij« yi2»i<y2 jyj 
^^T ^^'•11 ,-isisnyn "iij ;t3DX Dy:y^ lynx jyryn tq j^nya 
"ly^"*: -lyn .-iy:i<p''^3iayi nynx |yD^"ipN»yi jyiiyj |yjn 
Dsn ,|yD^^ny:i dkh -ly x^ii ,"b'ii iJ^t^byuya,/ "lyT /pyryj 
-D-iy^rDNTpy nyns "ly-iyn-iys pQ j^^D^nxp ^ jyejiit^'ya 



- 43 - 

.1881 n^j;^£)nNa •« DD^^ti^n 
.1831 pK i^^Bin^ rs Iv-iNiiv: \]n')2v: rt* nby^Diw 
;ntoiD-iK ivo^Mi pi< D3s-i3"iya ly D&^n |y-inx> yjjv yj^n 
|yn:y iv jyjjibyi dpi^x t^k d^^2-is yiyi^c^ inyr ^-in -nj 
-1DK' ny i3Nn lynax: ♦DtoynK'DyDDyD px ij'nybxp dds^^^^^ 
-^"i£3 i3"!f yJJ^5b i§ lyny:! rx iy' .(DNpsinx i^s) ^^ toin 
.i^^5«n{< px tJ'ny^N^p Dy-fM ps -i^oya 
pnx -ly rx jyaxiayiD^iK dnh jynp -lyj-i^a lyn jyn 
Dyi Djyn-iyi D^^piyDSND ^in ^n dj^h pK yyoix lyn ps 

.bN"iy:yc^n~i^^i5D pa j:nt 
Db^« |y-iN*iiy:i D^nyiny iy rx jynp ps ^x: njy^-'T 
Nn lyD^bnys Dnxi nbxa Dtcn ly .oyiiJNp ps ny''bjD''D 
px .1880 T^3 1863 pa jSDDy-ijj^p jyiiyj p« ny .vyoix 
p« /-ij;itDj<:yD DD^''DD nyD^^jv fyiNiiyj D^nyiny rs 1880 
px DTj^D^j -iy t^x ,njyD-i&<Tny t^^: nnx^ jyabyr Dyn p« 

.Djyiny-iE3 |y-iNnyj Dbny^iny 
D^JS lyiiyj Ljjyp-iyjx jy^j^-ixs yb« ps t^j< nby^a-i«:i 
.iDD5$ jys^in lyryn "i^s }nd "lyDDrnya px nyDDva nyn 
i:^ jyiiyj rx px DDiry: d-j d»x lyryn iy nsn ,D:vn^iv 
Dy^^Q -ly^fiip yc>^D''^^Q yiynjs pN* Dy^1Dr^< "i^a i^ij-iny 
p^^jDii^ D1V .i^''^fsnDD^j"'DTX pn jiD DyniNiny jyo tosn 
i^Dy:i DNbiNtj'D lysn^toDN* n-iyDo^B-iya 55 dh^n dnh 
jynNJXD '•m .1881 ■'^JV |yD2 lyn |i<DJj^crs"ii px |yDKt^'y:l 
"i:y T^s ps jyay^ px d^iid jy^^^iiv t:^yj:snyj t-t "iy dnh 



- 42 - 

IXJ px 1872—1868 1J<^8nx |1Q "i^jnyil^a ;1867— 1865 
,bnN» ^m DDN ivm rijyto^Nn ,1877—1876 ^hndk 

-"lynna jia lynyp^xv px w^V'^P vbi^ t^n ^xj yrnn |ik 

-lyii^^D njy^3„ -in lyiNiiyj |yDijy:iJK pn 1878 p« 
-«NtDt^ yDrr^siys ^•'i p2 :jn^jy-i fc<n dnt i^yryyj? ,'6^3 
to''^ pN "wbia ix^S''?D 2 n''D N''ii ny:i''jyii d''J lyjjyisi ti» |ytD 
nyi ♦DNJSD fc$ nbyj-nyn^n "iybi<T |k''^^d 4 t'Q n^ii -inyn 
,-iya^n ps HDiyn Dyi ly-iyayn iv jyiiyj t^« Dyn pa pyiiv 
tDT'toyii i^yry:! lyryn ionh D"'"'n Djy^nyna .iy^«By:i t^« dnii 
YVW^ "T'D tD3&<Dy:i Dn^s toxn Dy■^i3^?p lyn -ii: ;Cvetoed] 
.toyton^^siD byDm •'^ii^ id^d ^t^yii pn "iy3''K 
jyaxn 1880 pK ,Diyiny"iQ T'q i^nt^ii -lytDoayj nyn p« 
James) n^ya-iK:i .^5 DD-'^j^n t:'n^j"'D^j -lyjNp^baiBy-i xn 
nintonx .t< lytoDyE^^tD pt^ tojy^''Ty"iQ n^a CA. Garfield 

-N-lpXIOyT i<"'l .tOJyT'ry"lQ"D"'^1"J I'-a (Chester A. Arthur) 

.^'bi^V -n Di^^b^ii p}< pfc^pjyn ^i^y^srii lon^rDx:) \V2i^n jyo 
nyi jy-iKiiy; t^n niiy^aiK:! /i:jyny:i lys^n nyjNp-'baiay-i t?n 

.tDjyinyiB "iyD20 



- 41 - 

-Djy xn .eyton^^sto «t jyaxn iv D-inoyDy-isa jyaxn jyD^T 
DyiJi^p "lyi .DyiiJKp div lynxiiyj jyaynya^K rx :jn^*tj' 
|ym fi^Q .jsnyQ inyva^ia jib jk^d^dxp « t5:^5:-ly idnh 
■jyry-iQy"! ii^ D^sin |iq firs ,DKjyD |iq jyixiiyj iD^nyiny 
-Kn lys yryn iij< /tODnynys^iN |iq -lyDsn -lya /nvtoyD 
•lyryn px ♦iSD-iyK'D "W't d^x lyoan |yi:2j>s 55 loSnyiiny jya 
"^oyi lyay^T px lyjsp^pmsy-i ddk |yiiy:i lyr^r jn^d^dxp 
KH to-iny^piy jn^d^dnp nh dnh pyD |yt:3 Dyn .jyox-ip 
Djynny-ia^D^^'n |i« DjyinyiQ "1^2 jyDsnnjNp -lyjNp^baisyn 

.obnyii-iy 
-a^i« rx riK yrn-D^yii « i53i<Dy:i nynaxj iDsn Djy-ij 
-"iKDK^yi r^K ny ,nN"i«3 o^nj d^d i^xnya^x jy-ix^iy: lyoijy^ 

.1885 ^i?r |yD23 Dyi jya 



.1881 ra 1877 D^NT .21 nnxsHtcin 

-xi"iy:i jyTinyj rx Djy^nyna iyDl9 o^^n .3 nxsntDi-i 
p« l«^Dys^-ia ^^3 jyiiyi r« ny 1822 p« i^^ein^ px |y-i 
|yDK"iDy:irn« iynp lyiT'n nyn px t:«n -ly ;DNp^i'nK 
-«ri3 jiD j:j<-i Dyn D3^n-iy ^yjK^ Dsn ps yyonx lyi px 
Dy-iJJ«p pa ly^ijJD^D j? |yiiy:i r^s ny .b8iy:ysj^n-iyn 



-40- 

pD Din NT /l3^5iyD |ix nvDyn^yrynQy"! 11^ dish |^n nyn 
]V2iin 107 i^Q Dy-i:i:i<p r^^ toyt^n^^^D lyjNp^biayi et 
.74 pQ tDVDnN^ND N ivjsnpyj bnt^DN ta-'o jyDNipNDVT sn 
-nya xn j^x iDsn |^D-iyi3 jyto^^iiv D't:jy-)i ps n^y dn 
-D^^N-D^jyii yDK'-iy xn |y^J1ay:D^5t3B^ lynxNiotj' ytor^^^N 
-t^nynjin lyn ps jjipjynjj? div fy^iyj t^n dnt .ajibyt:tj^ 
px fjyio^t^totj' yDrj''^N"iyD xn pa tD"''':i^jjyn2StJiN nyr-iny^ 
rx y^a^ynt^b^D ."jj^^^s^rpy ^N^jy^jyo ^m„ jyo^-'nyi dnh 
-D^iN yryn -i^a yi^B -lytoDyi lyi d^x |y-it?iiy:i D^iyinu 
v^vn .$1,500,000 tD^b^iiyn tosn Dyn:i:j<p -iyi ps iJ^byDC^ 
^»;d jyDlO pa Dny^ny^ dnh iJibytot^D^it^ yb^jN^v^nyiorN 
T^« inx^ jyabyr Dyn px 1876 "ly^Dyiixj lytol Dyn vn 
.D^^DD ^ D^x |y-!Xiiyj jyDijyjiN Niy-ixb^p 
-nyisj Ta ton^rrosj ny^sp'-^siay) sn \V2i<n 1876 ps 

^'"•SiniJ^ pa Rutheford B. Hayes O^^n .3 in^ant^'n tDjyi 

"lynbyr nyn iv .D^yT'Tyna d^^ii n^a pixn^: pa "lyb^ii .n px 
Dpyarij NH :iy^^tiii$s y^^j '•^iiv toynjniyj "qn lynsn d''''^ 
PN px jyiiyj r« yD^yii ,^^d"inq I^<si>^n^•^^1Q xn px ,"•'•^"1^23 
D-iyniNayj toxn px ,ypiyit:yj ypnNt:K> |y:y:i Dvy^ rn "n«j 
yK'''tDNipi<?Dyn t^n .j^^vpinN-ia y^b^T |upjyit:^5<2 iv yvyryj 
-^x yt^'^J^<p••b1ay-l yvjx:i kh DTpxD^t^ Dxn Dijjtatosiba 
Dpysjnj ^^n DV^toE^^nytoJiNtDKn ,L5Q"n-i^p d^n |N^Vi<itDD"'j''D 
W^ii^n ps nbyj -)y^SN*a jyjyii |yjjny^-i{<a y-iy^-'T px •'^dixq 

T'S p1&?^-1''J D^1&< S. J. Tilden |ynt5''D .•• .D DITC^i 



-39 - 

-{<:iij<yi T'T jysbyn iv ^n "lyD^S^D top^t^yj toxn ny I'-niNU 
"y:i yj^n lynt^n |y3fc?n"i&? v\V'^:ii^ p^^ ^yryn "j-in ps fyiTJ 
-bx"iy3^b |y?:)«J oyT "^yt:)J1^5 ^''Oiihb v^^ ^ D"iTJ8:nj< "lyjy:! 
Dsn^n D-i^rDNJ ^n iy3i<n Diyinyia t'S ."lyjt^p^baiayT 

pnx^-VJ "ly"! p2 "iXlDpsnyi Dyn , [Horace Greeley} ^bni 

Y^^^^ .jyDj^T'njNp yjyr''i< v^v^'f Db^? DJi^toyto^^'ya 
-^^i^o y:ini5i<iiy:i i< iy:s"ipyj i^ob'i) p^< tojy-ii w^i^n Dyi 
nyryn pa jyo^byji bv^ t^N*n nyD^yii /"•i^nji Dj^nsn .Dyon 
"Hi^j 'n^^vi^P lyn-iNtoryj pi< lyisiiyj pj»-ip r^« y:^55?'^y^y^J 

^briKii nyi 

i$ iyiiy:i rx t:)jy"i:i b^nyiytrn pa p^jiyto ^yn^^iiv nyn 
|ynyii-D^j ^?n .lyDSNDC' yD:i^j^''i<"iyD ^^''T i^d nyjny^nD 
nySs pK ly^n^a DTx^yj 'n^r |y35<n :iynp-iynu lyi pa 
lyni^n pjya /p^j^a ^ jyiiXDC^jy rs oy .1873 pt^ t^Dj^n 
tD^^n iJi^b yvJNa dxt p5< ,^x-iyrN jyioNnpjsn ,t:D^-ipyj 
T^t< Dni? nnti^ 6 pi^ t^^iv ^onnp ]v'\v)')^ ^ vi^vbv^ "»yn^« 
-nya r"'ii3y!:'D^3 t^s P^j^^s "lyn pi< in iv jy^ipyj ^J^5^ dni 
-bny-i jyD^y^ti^^DNnyjnynx dnh p^jsa -^v^v'^ .]vi^)i<))^ 
Dyn "i^J "l^^?^ {§ n^xa lyT ,^"'DnNa pn px t^jyiJ ^^a nxtD 
nyjjynjx jy^^yj nynna jyrn dj^ii ^jyDNKCK^ y^N jynxn 
-y-iDiya -lytj^-'DNipt^Dyn D^nyiny nyj^p^i^niay-i &<n pa 



-38- 

IV .n .1 ,|^i:'^nDUi5$ IV iviyii lynviynys^s jy^^r \v''^V\> 
\vv^v'^ b^T yaby^i ,Dmv ri^''3 ps Dmi2 ytobny^ny 
jynyjyjnyn^t^ t^« yj5<iQ yoyny^y sn .lyn^^tr^jy jyi^iQ 
"•n .j^nya Pira pa }^^D"'»^p }^c'^nD^3-i{< r''« iv jyi^iiyi 
sijiryi Dyi d"'o p^nc^ ,{<iiiyjyc>T rx tobyDb^nyQ ^n jyaxn 
iy:ij<"ipy:i ly^isn lyo^^toK^ yorr^Niya t^n d{<t t^stn 

.|*isny-jynj<c> .^j<i |j<''b^D 15 
yDrj^^N-iya t<n |y3j<n ,1871 iyto8 Dyn "lysj^Dp^^ 
yoD^jryj -lyi |^« "ly^^s jytoDy-iJ Dyn pa jyto'^byj jy^^j^tiK^ 
p^< Dsn iy3j;?topj< jyoS pa ijynx Dyi px .ijsi' jytyn pa 
Dxn "lyD^yii ,-iy^"'D 5< }y3j<-i3y:iD^"iK jji^t^p^tj^to px bi{$Dt^ ^ 
"byii /jyt3 '•^i^v to-iy^"nyj px D^na pN n^-'ii D^nat^iya ^n 
ps DiHDjyr^^ "ly^Ni |j<^^^D 200 n^a Djyiniya osn ya 
.jy^ipy^rDix lyj^n ij;!tnya 300 -inyayjDi« 
,|jj:r:D{<3 ^^ij^ tixn 1872 nysjoyiij^j px nytoyat^^ in^r j? 
jyD^yii p.s ny^^a 'iVybpv^^ 8 pa jyto^by:! Dtoyn^DyDoyo 
.)y"ij<^^yj DyDD''jiya ri^ Dintojyr^i^ lyb^i iJ<^b^?D 80 
"lyn^y^i tin pN* n1ant^' yDnij jyiiy:! lyj^n Dyi •^yD^1^{ 

♦lyj-'cr^D pN yns^iyrD ,pDJj<pD^ii iyDi?yitoc^ t^n pa 
t:n^r?oj<j "iy-iy^i"i ^^mysa isp^bniayi t<n cxn 1872 p^? 
-D^^ii -1^3 ]^Db"\^ ps L:jynny-ia va DjyiJ bytiy^yi^n 

.Djynny-ia 



- 3 - 

lynynD,, jyan \v^2 i:jybs (Policy) ^o^b^s -lyn^ IWJib 
t:>nyDDyD jya^^inr iyt2K^"iy r''T p&< ."^d^S^q -^vp^'^'^'^p "lyiJiit 
D^n "ly DXi /i3inyi?p-iy "ly nj^n pb^s div DDy5''J8» lynx 
-j^K yaijyii Pi^ix 'W'l^vb xn pa :ijn''iy-i &?^"r lyny^ynya^s 
Dyi jiQ iyny^biD''D |ia "^ivr^ «n p« Dvyryn iy-i5?ii "iyj5§n 
"i^Q Di^D^ji< lyD^K |ts lynxn ya^yii ,"irnD pe p^xiyD// 

^yDsyi D'-iyjytnj^N &«n 
Ts |yDjyj5$ jy-i^rD^j DDij^nyn dnh p^xiya lyryn 
-ya ^n b^r n^ynnyiQ lyn pN Dy^J5<b{<p yc^^:^nrx vw^ 
yD^""ii «n pD |yjj"i:bj<s-iyD y:iJNS ^s^ "lyn^ .|y:i^DyDEj^ 
^y"'^ pi< jyTiSj inyD Djypy:i d^j -lyjj^nyN sn jynsn 
lyooya iyi„ i)>D-iyii Dt<-i px rD^^D^^c^jyo px to^^poDiji 
f3 lyny^bsy:! "t ri< ,"-)y:y:nj^i^ lytoi'-itD {< t^&< ,iyj{§nrx 
.iy"i^iiy3 D^^any r^yii lyj^^r |yiJiJD{<n DDjy-iJ pN cvy^ 
ym^j"'^t?-fy2 xn ^^t jyasn |^^vs:"idd'':''dij!? o'Djy-i: pt^ 
VDV^^vbv "lyn lyn^t^ njj^^joy o'-d Ds^^bjyjD^iN |yto5<j<nj:' 

«yjs;-iD 

D^**^ px jya^s^'-p-iyDD^P nyjsipnyrD5§ jya^n px iy^ytDJ{< 
-n^ayi lynxn |vi:ij<{<dk> yDrj^"'K"iVD t<n jynp-iy:!-i^3 pD 
yjjsib ;?§ Dsn ijst^ijy ya^y^i pi< jJiJ-'ibyn-n^y:! 5< D-iyn 
-^i?K^yj i^D^rtj'sin ps ri< 1871 px ^■'i'ljy .t2:ii<rD:y D^'-a 



- 36 - 

"•iT« nij ; jn^itJ^ jSDiXK^n iDiynnyiQ iy:iQy:i 19 ]vw 35 pa 

Dy-)iJ{<p "lyi nxn njynnyiQ {< |yS^^nD-iiK")yQ iv Dyons"* 
lyay^bnyj rx ij<DJj<c^n p^< ]vb^z> vii6pi^n]v^^b Dnroy: 
,1869 y-^v^ iyt34 /pDiyD pr jiq ynjy rn D^ynnyiB 
^^lyjiyc^n ,t:5jynny-)Q n^D nynnjs^p nyjytp^i^n^Qyn lyn 
ioyDn{<^y[D yD^i")3 s; d^d rt< (U. s. Grant) njy"):i .d .r 
,n3yi>Ty-iQ -iyDl8 iyij<'nyj ^bnyiny 



.1877 rn 1869 ^:^-\: .d .r 

sy^^SD iorj<Q p« iy-ij<iiy3 lyr^ny:! rx D:y-ii D:)ynny-iQ 
» iy:j<ipyj l^^5^ ny .1822 ■inj<^ Dyn rj< ,ij<^^ytn{< .D^yr 
looyii ps y^DyitJpyt yt^^ny^-'^-'D nyn px jjin^^iy yoia 
pD D"'^v "lyn p&< .1843 tonjyvj Dxn ny yD^yii ps ,Drj<3 
-yj xn lytojis tojynyi ny Dxn fc^p^opyD d-'D iynp -lyn 
-nyjsi P&5 Tib lyjit^iiyj nyro-'N px Dxpo p^« -ij<b"'^o lyb^<•^yJ 
IVtoyitoy:iD^nK ny rx 1854 px .D''^p"iyBBfc?iD pn n^s :ij')jyp 
px DrtDsy^ya oyi ^t^j ni)y;n ^n t:t<n ps yynifeii lyn pa 
"iy:n"'3 Dyn po jjndjk Di< 1861 ps -lysj;? .tosyti^yi "^v^vb 
ob^ vv^'\^ "lyi pt^ |ynj<-iL:yjj''nx lyiy^ii -ly rt< .jynp 
by:"i'j<p |y"i5<i'iyj DJt::ny rx px ("lyj^b'^ivne) tdji5:'J<ii 
px '^v:ivn nojyn pn ps nj^^DS^^yj Dt^n -iy .(p^:"n^pbj<B) 
yDD^yn ^5n DD^mj^ d^^v yviip « px dnh ny rn nysyn 
.yyonx -iy:»'jx:i lyn pa (in:xroj<pl bxt^iXJonbys — ysit:^ 



-35- 

-^KQ xn DTx^wi^ "n"'bnjy Dy"ijJ5<p -lyn dkh 1868 r« 
-••sib ,yin^bs rDynvp-i«i ,yDvny^y ♦|yn5<5§ntj' opyr jnjyi 

j\>< -ly^tDySa yiy'-r lyoipyn jyasn DiVDynjyry-iQyi |ix 
jybxr |yn«NDti^ yiy^T dxt OJiJjnyn -ivi d-'d Dy"i:i:sp 
|yt:5l3 Dyn |yjyp-iy:x pN jysnya^^s D:j<''£rjy'i'ij^p ya-'Wyry:! 
sn tDn^;i ysbyii fjNK^vti^DDjj^p nyniv DjyDijyDX iyDl4px 
-yi lyi pK b^MtiJK w^r^vi \)^ lyD^DK^ i^ DDyi Dsn -lyjyj 
|y3^<^ DXii jyjj^nysa Dinyiiiya ;yD^^ii sn x^ii ynxij iJi-fj 
pN* yaDj^ys pn iv dd^^dd nyo^^jv sn \vw ^'^\'Db^'\^V'^ 
Dnj^syj lyaxn DD^nynysj^p sn ds^i jynbiti^ xn px i^^jv 

^V''^\) lyi 'HXi lyiiyj t^« nnisiD -lyn pa ij^o'C'i^; lyn 
to"iy?D^bw"iy3 ^y^s in*j t^x nji^o^i^ lyryn ps toay^j^ inyr 
|{<Dj^K>n D:ynny-iQ |yti>^"iiv |y^nypjN»v xn ^in fy-it^nyj 
|y-in^2D"in Djypy:i d^j i^xn |yo b^"-!! ,Dy-i::5;5p Dyn px 
pn tD^D |y:2i^n-iyD oy tDxn Djynnyna "lyi ^yvyryj v^i^'P 
-D-iii D^b^iiyj D^J Dy nsn oyiiixp "lyn ■ly^^? /Veto ^oyii 
cyi Dxn Dy-i:i3xp -lyi d^^t ,iv«t ]v^)pvi n^ oy .jyrxS 
pi^ Cp^it^l nos-nya "i^s Ct2:ix5?p-iy3) nc>D^3D\s ojynnyiQ 
iDyton«^5<D «: d^d Dt^jyo lyi dnh 18()8 •'n*d jyolG D x 



- 34 - 

,^sDjnx:j>n lis ^n6<^^ ly^r px iDxny^ ntonn jyst^n nyjt^p 
Djynny^Q lis bnm lyn r« ^nds oifiin xn n^ii ^nx 

]V)m r« :ivnp |y3j<j ib^:i nt:ib5D nyi px y:i{$^ x^t 

|yn*rjsn^ iv D1^5 Dixjnyiixj toytorisj? I^Djnxtj^n tsjn^r 
IV pjxny:i C3x;n iy:iy:i |yiiy:i t^n* ny .|yt2Ks*totj^ vio^ynrs nh 

Dxn DwSii ,jynr iinjy^naya |yt2DyD^Ji<D-rDDj;jK)5§ tsr^b 
^yn pD D^n nyn 5i""is |N^vii?xiiy"i in r« ]v^)m b'^'n^^i^ 
Nn D^5'^ inynDiv |yiiyj rx iNDjnxt^n tDjynnvna .ntoixD 
yiy^*T Di?-)iJj<p r« jyp^t^ |x;?nt lytoNNtotJ' yjyjiNiiy:i pniv 
jynp Dyi -is;d x^ii vn{<-i:i ,D"ii<Dx:yD ]i5< nvtoytDiyrynan 
pi< L5rD^t2^yjr"'N t:''j nyi fi-'us nysi^ t^xn oy-iijxp in 

|yDN»^iv i:^NT ii?D |yii ,|yiXT iv ddvi dni dxh DjyT'Tynsa 
--lyn .HDiND -lyn ps nvtoyD^yTyisyn |")^? DixDN*jyD j<n 
Dyn |y»ijy:js hdij^id px ^"isj ,;yDXNt:^ y^N* |y3^5^ b^^)) 
inx^ tonynjin px ,|Nt:TtD^LDDJ{<p nyn i>i t^jyo^jy^N |ytol3 
jyDNi^tstJ' yD^j^^siys t^n jy^'^n |yjNi2jj^L'*Nii "^s: toyca 
.jyny^ -i^d ^jn^ oyna x jyiNiiyj 
pynmfe?D xn DTN*^yiiv ts^j t^xn Dy-i:iJNp lyn b^n\ 
rD""nj ^ loiiinyj lyj^p^^niay-i t^n ]v:ii<n ' ny'^y''S:iD^)o 
j^njynyj ,yvyTyi v^'^y)) ^"•i^v .nyr-'^n yr'^s px DytonN'-ND 



-33 - 

ly-in^stv ps jWJi^Jiv "qn ^n |yrn ,DDniy2 ^^r jy^Nn oy: 
5ynp-iyn^3 -iyrDii?2 nun .r^in px Dixtotj' pn px "lyiy^ 

.tDrnjyy;i w^vj: rx 
D^o r|yi3''ii jypnKiot^ 8 D^Djyiiyj rs isD^nsK^n vmjy 
.tovyb T^a ^ntoyj |yiiy:i r^x ly ysbyii ^v /lya^^jna yo^^iy: 
1808 in5<^ pN y:^^Si^"iyp m^j px jyifc^iiyj iy"i^i2y:i r« "ly 
»^Dy:jyD ps lynyoSy yj"'n i^'d Dvyrya in nj''p d^x p&< 
DXT ,D^nyv-iyn jyo .Dy-ii< "inyr jyiiy:! jyj^n |y-iytDi)y yj^n 
lyry^J pK jya^n^^ Djny^yj in toxn |XD:nNB^n tojynnyia 
T\s ly ,\^i^'nv:i n:inn Dt^n ly «^ii Dynsj^j Dtj^iy c'^bjjy 
^yjc^ T^K px "lyjnyi lyrnyD ^ "iitixj nyn ps jyiiy: nyax 
Dxn ly t^3 |x |Ki ps .lyonyn^^ d^s jyiN^iyj Dpnyiny 
p\s tDyn^^^p«3 nyo^x ny dnh rpxba D'i!?Np:^b lyDUiyQ 
jyaxn ny^:? p''!?^ DjySs "ly p^? /Jjn^:iy-i nyn iytoji« ddk 
jy^Nipyj nyD^s jyay^ pn px dnh -iy dkt /jy^nj^Diyn iv 
nyGDyiJi "lyn rn lyDDjybp "lyn pa riy^^yi^ss yDoya xn 
.pi)fi<D iyjKp"'-iyrD&< ps pnya px d: t\s dsii /DD^ 
pj< /DSipiSDyn ^ jyiiyj -iy ri< 1861 ins^ oyn ra 
rnoi^D lyn pi< -ii^D^;)yD nyc^^D^ipt^nyT iyj"'VJ''''« nyi 
pi< jnjyDip jynp \vm p^« l$<'JV lyn 1^2 jynyj rs D^sn 
pn 1X3 DJ<n lyjD lyD^yii /i^spj^^ iwsj ni^xa -lyas ddxd 
•nay: d^j isDjnt^K'n nsn ,|y-)yDynya i:»* |y2^iny:i:« ,d^id 
->b3i2y-i xn px ivbnv'i) yj^n pa iyn&? i^n px |n p^*? |yj 



- 32 - 

-D^nyn \bi^p:'b iDiynnyns D^^n 1863 "i{§ij8^ |ytol ds 

|y3sn ys^yii dd^^ljd xn rs |y£{§i?pK^ yb« ny D-inypp-iy 
.-iy;n^n yna -i^s: dd^^dd nyD^^jv t<n ty:iyj toTDb^iiyT 
-yj oi^nyiny -lynyni jb^prb T^« 1864 nyarDyiixj pN* 
.Djynny-iB i^d toyton^^^{D yo^nj «i mv^ io^D'|yi^?ii- 

,Dnjyvj pc* T\s jiynp -iyj-i^3 v:i'bpv'\^ ^?^ dsii ,Dny-isy:i 
«yj Dyr^x lyny^ :i8bs^ ^ «^ii dnh yT-na yryn t^to^D p« 
nybyny lyn dnt /n-iiK>n ynynio ,vybpv^^ «n jyaj^-iD 
loynt^D-iy {j<oj:)^t^«ii px t^s ]Wp^'^ Dynym^^N n^ynnyna 
D^pi)^ii -i^^tDpst nyn r5< 1865 bnax ;yt:)l4 dn* — jy-iNiiyj 
T^« "ly jyii (Dp5<3} yl^•TJ<^ pr px lojynnyis div pnx hldu 
jyoxEj'yj -lyii^KTiy-i j< ^-'d lo&^n px -lyossynD pN lydyryj 
-lyn rx Di<i„:^^3-iyn njy^nj^D^iN ,2j<p p« njynnyna oyn 
'i^)m r^el^Djn^c^n imjy Djynnyia d^^ii ."yDi<-i d'disd 
.Diynnynsi -lyolT pj^i^s o'j^^prS pj^ij^ |y"i 



.1869 rs 1865 ]XD:nstrn vn^jy 

pn Dnybp-iy t:t<n |.sDjnN*sj^n ^jyinynQ n^ii oynaxj 
isinjyyj tn hdisd lyn d^d iv''\? nh r« |^^:fstDj$^p^na 
-^^2 "lyi pa jyDi^Q lynynDij^D y^x D^nsyn Dt<n -ly px 
«n p2 |yyDn&< yijynn^SDiNnD y^^n-jyn xn ]v:ii<n ,yi8ij:> 
-^Lijj^c'Nii "Tin lo-i^c'-iatDyj ]^d'-\v^ ps Djynj |y^«"iyjyi 



-31 - 

]yD''{^> IV |yii^av:iJi< DD^nyny2:j;5p t^n ]V'2i^n ^nax |yDl2 

.CytonynjiTVisx) jytoD^jjjtK^VD^D |ysiiy:i ^n 
/1 865 bnaN |yD9 rn to-iy^ny:! Dsn jynp nyn^n nyn 
yyo-ij? DD^ny^VSJi^jp nyn ps nnjXDNp toB^in nyi |yii 

iDjyij ^N-iyjytj^n b^^nyiya Dyi iv |yl?S) pi< yy^-is "lyo^n:! 
DtD"'nynyajj<p yjnys^s vr^j^ n^X3 |ynsn Dn-ix ^^<J pN 
pa nnjiiij -lyi ps T'na sn .|y3y:iynytojiK "^n jyvDnx 
.D^nj "inyr jyiiw rs n-iij^n lytyn 
.^iJiTjyn bsiynys t^n Dsn jytosn^j^D 1,500,000 lyn^j^ 
jy^Nsyji lyj-in ^jynt: 96 .iV''\p pa tD^'^v nyn pt^ lo^nyi 
|y3-i^t3tj>iv tD^"'v nynbynyn p« iyj^''T njypito 184 pt^ :iynp px 
-yj \]}2i^n DD^nyi^Dj^p 5<n «|ytD"»''npji^np v^v^V'^^'^v^ pa 
ly^Nsyj |yj"'v •'n pa toabyn p&< lyoxn^iSD 600,000 tDxn 
"^xj .|yto^\npjj<np pa |y2-i«Dt^iv nyn5< i^yaDDN^btJ^ pa''iK 
byn ^ |y-iNny:i :ij"n^iy-i dd^^dd lyto^^jv i^-'n rx ^v^? lyi 
"i:iyriD 2 t^''ny^yaj^p t<n ps ny^sn |K^b''D 2,700 pa nin 
:iynp n^ lyn^biya \viii^n ""n n*ii ^1T^s* iij nvbn,i |«^^^» 
-)y:iu^ibj yiyn pt^ |y-iN*iiyj toi^nt^vyi d^j jyibi&j' v'^V''^ Vi^ 
.Dnj^2 D''nynyaj^p n"*! ^''a Djyo 5$ iy:t<"ipyj d'*: jyasn 



30 



.1864 rs 1861 ^pnp=ij;:n>3 
jyayr 8<n pa jytoNjybyn iwxn 1861 n^nnya |yt5-4 as 

."NpnyDN* iij< DD^-'DD t3^ny'iya:ij<p xn,, :|yDNj ayn lyt^ 
-{liiaDyD jy-iNiiyj D:i^j-iy tn* ^a'^o^D'-D |ia o^ivn |XD-iyavj:^n 
rx jjn^jyi -w': nyryn pa D-iN'at:^(?Q nyn .Diynnyia nyi 
p^N pN to^^t^D p^t^ pa Da^ibn^N ^^bp^ ^ |yii dxi ,|yiiw 
Dyi |ynyiD'''nx pni^ ^•'"'qd pa jjn^:iy-i ^<n no /yiynjt< 
.lyD^n^jyi^^t^ pn iv f\i6pii^ ayjyaxbDJX 
yi)N jy^says nb^n rx J^ii^^y-i DL3''nynyajj<p y^^j fc<n 
fijn^jyi d:o"'^dd ^yo^^jv pa jyiJinoya p« jy^j^jyoi^ 
Dvbi^ iy3«n px nni^D lyi p^ }y:iay:i ^n |V3xn y^^yii 

.jyoij-iya 
P5< PN ,|y-ii<iiyj ly^'-nv^j^rx ibj^pJ^i) pn* pyo iyt24 dn* 
D3y"i pv t:'^ toxn -iy Dwsn ,D"iny^piy ny oxn oynt^ p-ir 
D«n Dyii "ly ps hdi^d iyi pi< ^nya^bpt^^ lyiyinya i^ 
|y:i{$Ttoiy i^ D3y"i Dt^n t:«n to^^DD p"'p nij .it^ntD to^j ^^ii< 
/tsD^D pn pws D^ii Dybs! i^nD D')m t^yii "iy .iJ:?^:)^ pa ^n 
.ly-iyii Di^Dpyaoy-i dlj-'^dd ybx p&5 ]vb^f v^vm ybx d.xi 
yj^"'bij;i;-iyp nrnt^D p^^ iyt:D^D o-ij<a ,3:iDDya p ^ t< 
D5§ JJii^jyi i^y-iynya nyn pa njyn j^n p&< |yiiy:i ^.s: rx 



- 29 - 

&«n ^^T Dfc^n Dyn d-'d px 1859 rj^c^^m^ii ^nys D-iysnstn 

=^t25$"ip^Dyi -lyn px '•nyiinp |yjs$DC>Djy rx p'b^ U)'^ 
-3^^ ^>iiv Pi>ix |y-i^iiyj tytobj^a^iif T^« «^T p^? ^'•d-inq nyc^ 
to^nnj^p {< Di^:)^D5<j 1860 px toxn b^MD pt? .iyjJii)"ntD 
to^n /b^\nn y-iyn:N nyi px tJ^TTnrpy-ii Djyi^tyisa tq 
t^sn jjitobj^atj^ yryn .oybji^^n nbj<J-i{§ lysyt^D toTro^j 

"lyn (Abraham Lincoln) j^J^p:''^ Dyny-I2''^« DN1 tDDNOyj 

~yi3 "lyDie iy-i^iiy:i toSiyiny ri< Dssnnjj^p "iyjj$p^^2iayT 

♦tDjynn 



.1865 r:} 1861 ]^Npr^ Dpnyns^^s 

in DNH Djyinynsi |yn^iiyj tD^nyiiny ^^5 f?^?yb x'-ii 
-»y^*yT |yD20 Dyi .jy-iym iv lyjit^syj^j;? ntsisto -lyi p« 
HDi^D pN |«Ej>jyiiJ5j:p ^yj^K^vD^DDJ^P lyn dnh 1860 nyn 
"yp HDiND pa jji;i'';)^^5<-iyD xn D^n ri^nnybpiy yr^bi^nyp 
"iyn^'':v„ jyDNj Dyn nyDJiN dio^^iod yiynjN d^d yj^^bit?") 
y"iyijt< Dpyr ^-iw^ jynxn ^^;}?n .tory^y^a^is t^k "Dto''"'DD 
y''^^•^1^EJ'^ >v^v:ivbv /ynn^ba /^s^d-d^d -DtD^^toD pynt:ii<D 
.j^^jv pa DJXTDjy ^n oyopyo ps yjyKTxiS) 



-28- 

,CRpublican Party) nVJKp 

-^i nyjsip^bBiayn ^<^^ /'•'■DnxQ y^"'j ^''n nsn 1856 rs 

y^Syil /Know-Nothing Party "Li-iSQ "jrnnj<3 1^:„ N^^ jPII 

yL^"D«^p^*t:5DnN |12 p-i^"' vj px tjynynjy:i 1853 T-r oxn 

••n .-ii^D^^s njynnyis-Dpy Dyn Djy^ny-ia n^a t5^i"'ijyip 
lix lyjxp^^niQyi t^n pa jyD^Dt:^ ^ya jyri^yjajjt lysxn 
jyjypin DD^^t^n jin* t2:iV^m |ynwS-ipjji?3yi t«n jysxn ^nnsn 

-''ry"ia ■iytOl5 jyi^liyj D^ny^ny rs (James Buchanan) 



J861 rs 1857 ]j;:ypia D.tD^-'trn 

nyvjN*3 m Dsn t^inybpiy ^'-i'D^yay dnh jyjypii 
t^n ,^o^ip5<nDn5^ nDiyiD xn jyayj iv pr tsyii jyay-ii:^:' 
ny3\s DDs;D-iy35< j^n fyass^pt^ jyj^^b^o pa nyD^nDjyr^x 
pD DJ^^x -lyTt^ 11J DH"^3 |y-iyn-ij<: nh ps nj^b dkt 
nyn^ ntoisD "lyi pa |yb^ii Dyn lys-iyni-iy^JiN ^n :"'>iiv nh 

.l«<^jv Dyn ps jyo^nnN ^n 
lv-i{?SiyD piK^ fynxn jytoD^^NK^^^^ayi ^{n ps ypy^D 
|j<^vi^j<iiyi 8 pt< |yt:j<"iDyjD^nyn jynxn p&< nbnyj ny^n 
T^^5 |j<^vibj^iiy-i yryn .ny-in^Dj&? ny^-'T D^^5 pynn jNtj'n d^d 



-27 - 

svi |yi''n yabyii iy:iw^i oriin t^n .'•nyaj^^ptj^ n^a jyiiyj 
*i« by^Q r^ jyni^iiya |yD^{;?3t^iv iyj''n nn^:j r^ ii: |yii 

lyto^-ip^royT t^n Dsj^ip |ynwy:iiv toj^n dxi .y'^y'^J^? "^kj 

rs CFranklin Pierce) D^rS pbpjyiS tOJ^mJSip ly^n p« 

.tojyinyiQ nytoli |y-iNiiy:i D^nyiny 



.1857 rs 1853 Dny^s ]^'pp:ip£) 

,viD-ii5a r'^ r^j -iy:i:iynj^ nyii^^s ^ jyiiyj ri< Dira 
iDs^-ip y^^Ji?:i "ly'T DynJV^iy:iJ5< ly^t^n jyD^ipj^Joyi t^n px 
Ipny^i nyoy"):! 1^5J ^^<t DN*:yD px Dyton^^^^D -iv^n d&?i 
-y: rt? 'iv^bv'i'\ /^''^ D^Dj<-i£)Dj^p Dyi jt'in :injypip d^j 
pD 1-1^53 lyr^ Di<^i Di:)^^toD y^x t<n dj^t ,pyTyj i< jyi^ii 
,DtD^''DD yns |yn^''^mys "lyD^^< t'd jynD Dnfc§"i:i }yto36 
Dy-i3:5?P pi^ ^^'^ ^ D^xnnyjj^nx |yto^-ipj;!;Dyi nh jyaxn 
-yD -i^D lyiyii D-)Tjyji5< ly^t^r ^poj^-inyj pN» oynyp dj^i 
|yb«T Dynj^t^nyt^ &^n ps nyj-'ix^iJ^^K «n px oynj^ton 
.iD''J "^yn« ^nysi^bpti' pn bsr ^n ^u iv lyo^bs^ya p^bi< 
/6p^i fc?pD«nny>Dynyp„ ^yn iysny:i ^v dnh i)b^n -lyryn 
.pytyj t< |yit<iiy:i 1854 ■«{$» dx rs nyDi)yii 
n-it53 pi«ta Dnynnyja^iJ^ tosn pyTy:i ly^^h^yK^ nyryn 
«n pt5 lyi^D^J^c^^bi^BX i^^T ,Driin «n ,|y^^L3-i^^Q ybs px 
VD^ii:! P'^ r^ Drr''t<"iya "^n jynxn ^^t^nt^a bixD-na 



- 26 - 

Dxn n'D lynyr 1848 p'-aoxp jVLsoDy: nv\ tj^ px iy"ij^i"iy:i 
♦IvopjiQ yDDrto2''i"i sn ps -iyr\s {j;"ij<ti5;:i pn bh^i lyryn 

tD^^ii ny .pvn |yii pD-ii<D tojyinyiQ-Dpy oyn loxnn^xp 
LJ^j jyob^ii ,Djnin xn |yii ^lyi^iiy:; toSnyiny ]vy^v^ o'Wi 

,CZachary Taylor) n{<b"'"'D ''li^pV^ bi^^V^V^^U DI^J^D^J 

.i^jynnyiQ "iyt:)12 iyij;ii'nyi toi^nyiny f^^ "ly^^yii 



,1850 r:: 1849 ns^^^co nxpyr 

T\s -lyD^yii /tojy^nyia -iyD''^iiv lyT fyiiyj r\^? -)j;itb''^tD 
-yj in tDi<n to^ynnyna d!?wS* pD-iyD pn nj^sya |ya-ixt^^y:i 
-D^^ii "lyn lyoiJiyDDsn Yi6B pr .(1850 -li^v |yD9) lonjy 

"lyiOlS (Millard Fillmore) -ll^D^ypi T1{§bi'"'D DJynnyia 

.DjynnyiQ 

.1853 rn 1850 ni^D^^-'s n^x^^*'?:: i 

-115 ;>^n-iK3 :'"iin lyn pa jyiiyj rx -nj^Dbi^^a •'t^Dsn 
jyin^D DTj;i;by:i in ly l^^^^ jj-'b^yiit^ ^ lyiiyj t^n "^.y i^-'-'ii 
i3yL:n^''5<D &< lot^nyj jynxn y^^yii ,|yDN-ip^?DyT xn pa 

.DN^yD ps 
|yjjxayj:j;it in tosn |s^vx-iDD''rDnx oni^D-j^j^a to d 
Dxn Dy^^yn ,nD\^D pwS 'm^: lyj^^ii^ jyto'i^prto^ntstj^ xn 
.1864—1861 pa :iynp-iyjT'3 lys^^py-it^ nyn iv D-in"'ay3 
pN lyDDnnyD Dt^ \v'\m lyj^n vJ:>V'^^ /jvtoj^ip^Dyn xn 



25- 






,1849 r^:: 1845 pisi^s .p D^'^^i^n 

/DVDpyto bt?T }yo 0J'i:iyi^y3 y^j x |y:iiN2y;ij^ IVDsnp^D 
felt Db« |yDnyj2"'*ii< j^p^opy^ ps lyonyjnt^ '^^] dnh y^^y^i 
nynoy^yn 29 Di^ ps* ♦|yD^^^?nt^> yDrj"'^t^-)yD xn p^^ D'^'^t^D 
,D'>''toD {$ rt5 DyDpytD o^i DD^t:^y:iax oy-uj^p lyi loxn 
nyn .Np''DpyD d^d jynp s jynjSDt^Djy t"'n Dyryn -p)! 
nj^nnyD rn 1846 "ly^DytoayD ps Dnynyii dnh :iynp 
jyasn lyDt^xt:^^ ytoifr^t^iys t^n p^ |yyD-iK «n .1848 
,1847 ly^DyDByo 14 Ds .|y-iynJ5< Dyn -^nj jyr p^« t^xnyj 
fc^n jyDijyjj^^N -iji^b^^to n^pyr ^st-iy:ysi>n ibvn lyn dnh 

.t^p-'DpyD pD Dnj<to:i>t:a''in 
-y:i |yDN^?t:K^ y^rr'-i^-iys ^?n |y2^?^ jynp lyryn ^-in 
-■•bxp p« fc^p-'DpyD vj /DyopyD oynj^onyD 5<n lyjiNii 

«y^j-i^3 

DXT /i^jy-iym^D ,ynji<i{<Q{;i;nsi "in^t^ |yjjKsyjjj< ^^j dxt 
■fe§^P^ |y"iyi^ |ytoj<2"iya bxr nynjyb yjyjixiiyj y^^J sn p« 
n^ivn jt^Doynaj^p DDs-iayjj^nyn toxn i^ij-a jyry^n ."•nys 
yn^''i P&5 lybssyja-in dij^^d "lya^ t^« i^^u nyn .t^j^D^'-ii 
D2&<^i2j^yn^ t2^j ■^^5^ rt? D^\n^ns pa dd^''J nyn ."lyp^^ 



- 24- 

.1841 ]«Dnsn .n ds^^^ii 

,D:ynnv-ia iyo:nyv dS{§ y^j^tJ^ni^ii ps ,CJotin Tyior) 



,1845 r:} 1841 ny^-'xt:! ]i<trn 

,nnyo px -inyo }>^x jyopi^Tiy:! r^? y:is-iD jyaj^bps^ ^<n 
t^n t23{<n2ynj<a dnh {;5^j<;nij;? pD Djjm^:i jytDoy-uj^p 
jyo |{<^vxD^iSt yp-iysnc^ pn ■i"'D r^< ly .Dy-i^jj<p pN yjsna 
|yn5<{<DC> yorr^x-iys N"'n p« "•nysi^bpji' jysj^Ej^sj^ bi<i 
sn pQ ps lynyi-iyro^p yj'-n pa |y-i5;!;"nyj Dn^p^tonp inyt 
f|yj"'^v-iyn^i< i^ ^n dis /to-fj^Tyi n^^a dnh -ly .jyjjiD''''^^ 
D''D jynynsi^ jyr^T "-n pi< Dn^&< d^d d^nh d^-'dd p-^r n-iis 
-lyiy^in^ytnrxiy /nyayibpt^ |y:iyii lyyT-x ybytiya^b yrn 
^Dyonjjt^sD y:inb^iij st d^d Dy-i:ij{<p pxjynj^Tiyj D^nyiny 
«n jyiiyj p"ic> fx 1844 pD p^sD^^p-^n^ii oyn px 
v^V'ii^ ybst px :jiN''nQyn jyQiJj^^p*^ sn iij y:i^is t^s^in 
tosn yj^-iD yryn .jyij^iiyj jyoyj-iys jyvj.sj px jyj^n tyjj^ns 
-Ji?p ny^>^L}iit-ipj<Dyn nyi p5< toDijiiis^ynj;? Vs or-nn xn 

-yj n^nyiny T\S James K. Polk ,p{<Si .p DD"'^i;m D^Tl 



- 28 - 

■{§1 Driin «n .pl^'' VJ pS [Martin Van Buren] pVl |yi1 

p''N ^lyD^injj^p "11V Di^j''D^j |y:iNn '•^r pj< jy-'tD-i^a yjvn 



.1841 r:} 1837 pv2 ]yii ]"'mxD 

^y Ljsn Djyn^Tvia |y"i^iiyj r^^ pi^3 jyii n^ii ^bsn 
■jj^jyj^r pn"n"in njsb p5< p^:j<a |yDDy-i:i Dyn D^jsmNiya 
-y: yD^n:i ,to35§-ipy:i lysxn jypjt^a ."-lytDyb bst^vysD,, |yD 
Nn px |yiiy:i jyj^n |yD^-ipjs!n pt? lypsiayj ]v:''t ]v\^tiv^ 
Dbnyiiyi |j<Dni<n ,ii .n ^j<-iy:yK>n ri< 1840 px nynjynia 
i2&?n bn5§ii lytyn ^>3 .Djyiny-ia jytoj^j Dyn n^s |y-)j<iiyj 
i(t iDbyioB^yjD^nyn b^to lytoDiy div ^••d-ij^q |sk^''^^2si «n 
|yji8sy:i:)^ c'-'iiyjy lyn^^n p« Djynny-iQ » n-'s toj^injj^p 

/nyssibp^ |y:iyj |y"i"'toyjs: iv 



- 22 — 

ny Dxn lypmnytojiN iv pjstn nyn di« ."injjii^ 20 tq 1816 
nya^yii ,Duane p-ixn nic'tyiD ps "lytDy-ipyo Dyn D:iNTi3jy 
-yj Dxn pN p:)N3 DD''^tDD nyD^-'jr nyn id'-d jytD^Jsnyj toxn 
toNH -iy3!?yii ,Taney ^jyt3 nj^na pn "lytoynpyo n^a d3nd 
ny^^^ji^ pa ^^yj D:ijn^:iyn yvjj<j ^5n |yrwyjD^n« nb^a 
.|y-i"':i''Nn iv pJ5<tn nyi din pifc?n dd^'-dd 
s-iya 1^ Dynji^p pa b'2 Dyn D-i^toyii ny Dxn "n^iN 

.pJ5$3 DD^^ioD nyD^^jr nyi pa ny^nj^tj^D Dyn }y"iy:iJ^^!) 
t^NH Dy-i:ijj<p pa -lyfvn yi^''2 p^? jy^nypj^si^ Va ^nj 
Dyijj^p lyn dj^t jyjji^yj ynj^na D'Jt^opyK^n tojynnyiQ 
-tDjy |y3Nn px :iJ")hJ5§n DtDjy^nyia Dyn lo^^Dytot^^yn dnh 
.nyni?t:^to Dy^j 5$ pa pj^n lyn djint 
IV jyjjj^ayj:^ ^n^j -lyn pt^ ^--r toi^n d^^v nytyn px 
nyn .0^D-i5<a D:iJia5$2J'2^) •"^dij^q lyt^^b^ay; p-tj^ ]v\b'^2 
]v^t<^2^ b^^ jyn /fyiiyj r^^ •'^m^a ny^^j -lyryn pa pv))): 
^^Dim ytyn .jytD^Ntotj' yt::i"':''^i^-iya xn pi< "•nyast^pa^ j^n 
♦1833 m^^ px DTPij^n^ in toxn 
nnyr pyDC^D^iN tonoy:! ^•'Di^a &;n dnh jj^^a^j;? p« 
PN i^n .D^ac^y:! ps to3Nby:i nn^N pa |y35<n ybi? .by^a 
.lo-inD pN t:nc> pj^ii^ jyi^iiyj Dib^anya 
D^^f tiinyoyD » ayr^T px Dsn jj^Dpyti^n Djyinyna 
iiDj<-iyD^^ N^ jyinyinya b^] |yr |y:j^^£j>yi-ij<a Dyn:iijp 
Do-'^DD nyL^^Jv Tin jyp-'C' iv ^nyajiipp::^ lya^tj'aj^ jy^yii 



- 21 - 

-sy^^va ny^n ^'''''11 ,5]n5«D Dyn |y:w jyiiw hdij^d "lyi pa 
yiy^J5< D'-D t<''ii ,L:^''3-iy:-i-iy d''0 nnyo |yiiy:i rx ijiro 
D''j lyvij p^p ^n objjtii pjniiiD ny^^in lyi ps jynDDnrt^ 

D^?^ yi^{§^^■lyp-^t:)1^?D pa Hayne p^•^ ^ij^d^^vd ivt 

t:5Kn t:^^Jit5^ yiy^ D^I }^yTy:i ^ .n n /Nullification Bill 

v^vw 5<n |yjyp-iyjj<i iv lo"*: lyn^ jyjypiyjs t^^y-i oxn 
nyjy^ 1^ nyt^Dnyii ^yjyn .Dy-)jjj<p px D::^Dyj |y"iyii d^ii 
px I^DDD^j^Dt^ nyD-inyi?yi -lyDDnnya -lyn ,-ij;!iD5<iyD d^^v 
-y3 pn jy^Si^nyj px jyjyj^n |yDyiDyjD''n8 D«n nyjiyn 
p^n^j^p DjyT'TyiQ-D^"'^i lyn ^viv^ i^yj^t^i^D^DDJ^p yLsronn 
-:^fc? by^s Tin tosn D^jyo pa t:5jyT'Ty-iQ dpx (Caihoun) 
-nyna .^^""3 D'j^^n n^t^s^jyo lysiDE^sin toi^jjtiiyj Dy:inD 
t2i«n n^^n /bi^^n Dyi n^a |yiiyj t\^ ly n^ii ,iJ<Dpytrn Djyi 
-ytoy-nya D'Djyn"'ryia-D^^n oyi |y:ij<;-iDiya Djypy:i d*j ny 
Ta |y"i^DDy-i5§ D^^iiyj dh-'n t2N*n ly px |yrnDJ^i< ysj^n 
m^j pi^ no^j^D -lyn |yii>"'iiv diids^ nyn .CiyriD) D^-nya 

••iv nyi pa '■w^w ^ ]V)m r« i^opyc^n Djynny-iB 



- 20 - 

yjyr^N yny^T |yin^J^:n^ Pn* |i;^^D"iytQ vt^2 inq nya 
.tiajoi?p nr^j ^ n^D to^nyn p-"? iv din jyDsynp 
-"ly nyn iyij<i^y:i tornw t^n* to^"-^' d'dn^^ ••Di^iip p^? 
bj^Jjjip VTX nyi pN /^pnvDN* pN psinoyf^x nyoj^ 
^lyD^Ej' -iyi^pny?DN ins lyn^iiyj D^ysyyj rs (Erie Canal) 
■lyn pN pN "lyjy^p jyiji^'nyj \vi''f mnin y^iitj^^ve^J nh 
.b^T 5,000,000 ps: DiiJ>-iy3^t^ p\s jyay^bnyj r\s n1t^•Ty"lD 
/P?o-iyD lyD^-'iiv St i"'s D^^nj55tp ^ jyiiy:) T^i< DDj^n^ 
-yn lyn ,Dj^yb-ij<-vj pa nbyn lyi ,|j<Dpyjrn vmjy -iij 

.1837 rs 1829 ].sDpy*^n nn:iN 

t2xn Dj<ii ,L3jy'T'Tyna "iyt:t:^ny nyT }y^iyj r^^? jNopyt^n 
ny .Dy^j^ t^jjstbyi lyjy^T Dyn iv dnt ,to-inyi)pny jyaj;? 
-»^yn yb«i nyvy^a yiy^n pa |ya-i^iiyiaj<-iN ^^i^j^j^a to^^n 
dnstn -iiJ |yiJ'lS^^^D3x DiiJiiy^jyi yjyny^i^-iya ^n pj< yo 
lynyjyj nyvy^ja yiy^n ^i^n ny ps ,Driin tyj^^r "r b^^ii 
NH jyD^^a IV :injo nyryn .|yn^-ipj<Dyn xn nj^na y^-? 
rn jy^byj jyossto nyrj^-'t^ rx nn^"^ -ly^a yiy^ yDDfc?:^ 



- 19 - 

CJohn C. Calhoun) p^nbt^p /D jK^H p« /DJ^n^ma-D^^II 

■pytj^tn :|yj:)NnnjNp-DJx;nnyiQ t^n pa -ly^^^p ^<^11 ^nx 

Di^n D5^T IV |y:iN:iynya^x hnm t^^i rt? t2yjDn^\s'D j§ 

•'DJ-'iip |NtJ>n toi^nyiiy:! D^noiytn sn pi< nvDy^jyTy-iay-i 11^ 

. tD jyT'tyia lyioD^yt Dyi "I'^s ddjsts 



J829 r:n 1825 DDsn« ''D^^iip ]«t:^n 

V'iy'''\^ DDsn^ io"'» Drj''"'i<"iyQ ^n lysxn "Sp pa yi:''na 
.DyDn{<^{§D j^ lynyjyji Dn^j< jysi^n pi< Distn pfc< 
."lyDy-ipyo lo^-'t^D pa ddsi Dyi |yjNipy:i D^n •'••bp 
y^^j 5$ Dyijn:iy3 ^n i:)Nn jjir^^-'X-iya nyryi ^nn 
|ym jya^vjns y-iy^''T /••D-iyiEa riin jyoj<j oyi ^'•10 ^'•tinj^a 
-^n ^n : jyDD^b^-iynys t^n pa dn^i v^ibvwi i^y»3 fyiiyj 
i^a |j<"'vpyD^-ia ypi^D^ n-'D ^inyitD fy^-'in j§ Db^iiy:i jya 
ny^ pa jy^jnyoyniya T'a px yn^onj^N* nyji$pnyD5§ 



- 18 - 

nya Nn ps ti^j sn px rt^ "lysj^bpc' ^^n /lyssibpc^ rP 
|V-iyntoi^D pN |y:)yjNn .lyDNBiys \v'\m \v^^^^^ v^y'^^ 
•lyvjsij nm p« Dn^bny: byiJj<n jys^it'ptj' nyn oj^n dd^^dd 
~nj<j «n •lys^bptj' xn ps "nj lyjj^nsj^ya rx DiytoD'^Tpy 
NH lypjyn^yn nb^iiy:) nytoD^ -inyr jynj^n D-ij<Di<3yD jyiy 
V^byrst jynxn Di^t05<i:yD tyiynDij^D «n lynj;? onya^bpK' 
-lyT p2 |y-ij<D5§jyD i<n |yii /jyjyjyn .jyT^Syjiv d^j yvyiyi 
^^T bxT DN11 yvyryj ys^yrs: jy^^o tob^iw lynxn nioisiD 
-^jyoi^n |y3^«^ byn:stn |yQ5<bpK^ Dyn ps ijxny^na \v:iVi 
T^K yioaynp yn^^a y-iy^n .jyT^^iyn t:^j mt^j "lyn ps jyi^to 

,DNjyD p« ^^^^:i ly^iyi 
p-ifc^ ^^}V0 px tDp^t;^yiJ""it< n^D'-D dnh 1820 pt? 
Nn pD D^^DD 5$ |y-iyii |yT^5b1V -in^5< bxT jyo |{<tJ'"'^p^bQ« 
ts-'^DD 5$ ]V'\^)m Vi^ niD^D N^ii .iyDt<&<D::> yDj-'j^^fc^-iya 
-yj -lyDy-ij D-ij<Di{:yD jyiyntsij^D sn pa lODijip xn ri« 
y-i.Tx pK tD^^DD ty25<:bpK^ 5§ w^w r« niD"'D jyn ;iy"ixii 
s5$jyD IV ny^n^^j^rD fc<n iy3y:iy:i lyssn |y"i5<t2j§jyD ^^iiv 
•H^ix -lynx |y3Nn lytsD^bstiynya xn .hdind nyn pa jyi^D 
jyDDy-ip y^N Dy^:y^"ly:IJ^< ib^2 lynxn ^n px jy^^iisj^yj ^'^ 
-nys fc<n ps tikj px T^x y^byii ,Maine p^D t2^<^ |yD pj< 
t:^»-)yn jyasn ^^t ps ,d»^dd s ts tD3fc«Dy3,|yD«sttotJ' yDr:^''« 



- 17 - 

113 |VDSij<Dt:^ i^^fj;5$iiv pN iv^D y^« "^-in toin^ay:! Dn-iK 

-^5^11 pi'-iN ,5i"'K^ nyjr p2 iypjyi:i< div /pMrnjyis ,?i^b> 

"pyi'y vhi^ lyn^?^ bnj^ii jyo^^iiv pn ^i^ix oi<i pb^^ nyj^pn 
•nyj^^t< lyo^iN ,Dn\s-i^D no^oti^yj |y^>D-i^s yn^^s pa di^d 
IV "n:j Djjstbyi yiny nt« dxt ,D-inybp-iy dkh ny^byii 
i:Nn DK11 -lyj^^N ^xj p^T id^j bsT oy onj^n .iyjj<tD:irK>^ii 
♦Dn^N |y:yj DD^DC^yj "iv Dt^n ,y-iny «T5< tot^nyj 
t^NH "i^n:i{^D yDbyii ^in ,iyD5<nD yDDy-):i t^n ps yj^x 
.p"ij<Dpj<n i^ijjjiD yDJi$jy:i{<T «n Pi^ D?onny3 DDsoy: ^n 
yD^j^^Kiys {<n o^i ^toyto^ii? (yinyS -iynj<) pij<t:pj<n yryn 
•IV io3Bto ys^'\NyQ^-i^''j^ ]'''p lyri^-iy id^j jyi^D jyDst^tDt?^ 
^5n D^n pj< ,j<pnyjoK D^yii -ly-'j lyT ps ^{^ip^^p jy:iynp 
D'{$£l^-l^''^? p« \v^^D D"*: "^n jyij^D }yD5${!iD^ yoj^j^''K"iya 

♦|yD"'Mjy:iy55yjJ8 ysj^^D'-ij^a 

siiy lyi ps yijy j^ nDj<Dyj DN*n ysi^uii yj^ia V'^ ^ \vo 
''JDi^ nyDDiy pn '•''3 tDD'-nynyj dnh d$<^i d^^p:i^j^^s pa 



- 16 - 

^n: lynyns jyi^iiw iyD^ptj>y:i rt^ oy |i« 1814 pt^ ton^y 
iyn lyiiDnnyn Dyn pa mit^^a sn tvoipy^i t^s oy n^cya 
♦D:j?ybn{<*vj r« iJiitDpytJ'n imj8 p9 
to:ijyiQ |{<^v^iDD''m"ij< D'jj<DnyD pa ynjy "lyn d^d 
pa v^^'^Zi &<n .p^Ls^^^Q ny:)5<pnyDfc!i pt^ ^ly y^^j 5§ }^ ^^T 
D^D DsxE^nj^nQ jyD''^E:> ^xr lyo iv \v^v'i'\ px /DrbsinynyQ 
el^1^5 piS \2T)D lyiiyj r^^ "i:yibjjy o'd -lyn^ ^''npjyna 
,fin5<t: -lyn x^ii :|yji^-iD yiyrt^D^n lyo^py:) lyj^n y^^^ "^^'^ 
V^'j:)''r] ps yLi-i^t3-i^9D"'i< pj^is oyopyD «n ,dd''M dkt 
"Djy sn px |y:;jy!rs y^5?j{<^vyij pa i^nn-'Q i^n ; Dyistsii 
5^ pi''iN ^n lyasn jy^^oi^s y^x .yntoonj^^ pa :i:ibp^n 
-y-13 jyDSj^a Dyn pa :j6nyiny -lyi px torj^^^-iya y^"ii 

tDjynn 

.1825 r2i 1817 vsn:xD oD^^trn 

T T 

yDDD^S'^'^J i^'T IJ^iiVJ r\s jjn^:iy-i d"ij<-)J^d pa to^^v nh 
Nn ^&<: .jyDSij^tDt^' yDrr\s"iya sn pa yDD^K^y:i "lyi px 
p^sa Djjii y] DNH /iy^nypj{<v y^^D-'M p« niDnb^ y^j< 
Nn iyD^^2"isiy2 px DnjjtDpya lyni^^n iv ixntDy:! Dnyj «t 
-^^s» n^n 5;!iT rx ^:^b D&^n y^^yii px jy^^nynytD v'^^^^ y^« 
Pi^ iyD3ny:i yD"'bp^i?J ,yjynnai^f \r]vm ]Vj:> toxn bsiiya 
lyjji"' -lyi Dn-'ii 55 D3NDy:i 1824 pt^ Dxn toy^^ajs^ jyii 



15 - 



.1817 r:: 1809 ]NDn:;D dd^wi 

nba DNH CC c. Pinkney) ^jpj^3 ,Dn^N» |y:iyj IVDN^y:! 
.fViD^Dt;^ ygj^n^Dpyi^v 47 |yto^j§n-iy 
y"-: 8 Dyni;i;-ny:i i^^b Dyn dkh d^^^ iyn!:'ynyT pt? 
-nys D^j 1NJ t25<n jjn^jy-i ytj^^^jjy t^n .nji?bjjy d^d iynp 
D3iTyj lONH pN DDibiys jy-iynsj' lymynna oyi jyoyj 
Nn Fi^iN jya-'t^ nyjetpny^j^ pa jyonyj iv v:^^'^ ]vb\:i'D 
"y»^ lybsiay^ jyjiyba jya-tj^ yjj^-'i'jjy .|y"iyDfci:^i ytj'^i^ys^-i^''K 
;;jy2^^DJ5$ jytoi^T jy^n ""n dnt ,T'nD^"ij< Dyn d^d ny:j$pn 
-D''i&< D-'Mjyjiybyj -lyryn ""^a jyjyba p^? jyT^itoyiD v^'b::v 
|y")"'pD"'ai^p -ly^j^ jyprr p« ]v^:v^ Nn |yjJ5<a ,|yD35!:^K' 

pa ijnn^a -lyn nytojit? iy:{§p^^Diay-i-}yD5$-ip^DyT xn 
iy:iyj :iynp D-iny^p-iy |y:it<n m^a^-ip pN ^^:5p pNnbi§p 
DTDDyto^iQ ]V2i<n jyDD^bsJ-iynya ^n .1812 p« ijst^:jy 
DDynt^DyoDyD pN» toip-'toyj^p pa |yn^to«!j-iyaiJ «n p^ 



- 14- 

,1801 rn 1797 DDxnN ]Ntrn 

ftDjynnyna ts jyi^iiyj n^nyiny ddssi^ r« on^Dpyby 



.1809 rn 1801 ]XDny^T;ti^n DSDxnt:^ 

rr^vr NH T'npjj^-ia •''•s loa'-'ipyjin^ tot^n iy d^i ,pk 

-lyiJNDpy^s |yiiy:i ps ,1-112 j^iy ,DjyT'Tyi3 D^^n pn 
DN-i 1VK1 tyDipy:i r^t^ oy ,nr^s -lyoD-iyD-'n D'l^D^^^sn 
pl^is |{<:3S''rD8n Diynnyia-Dpy Dyn |yDnyjD"'i-ii5 Dsn mn 
/^ssba lynbytDyn pi^ix DytoT'itoyj Dn\s tot^n p^ byn st 
D^D lyn^iiyj Dym^Diy rx inn lytoDtoby D'jj^t:3b"'Dsin ixii 
pi< lys^^DJi^ Pi< mn .bv'\i k p« ^•'ii< /pmv in^^ p^« 



-13- 

.1797 rn 1789 ist^i^r^^^i trnn^i^trn 

'i^B y^"*: ''"'11V Nn .^^nyj d-ij jyto^sttDt^^ j;D:i"'j''^N-iya j^n 

-yj iyDj<: ^ :iji-i''jy-i Dj^DJj^ti^i^ii ps ;j^£jj^ p^^ ^n lynxn 
(Democratic- ''t:)-|y!3 |^p*b2j<sy-i-p^D^ip{<rDyi ,|y3yi 
♦jyDnDL^^yj ^^bpyit:' ^''T jyt^^^llV lys^n -Kepublican Party) 

I^E^n p« I ^ D b ^D ^ n nyiJNDpy^j^ ^"i:> lyoD-'i^^iynya i<n 
DJ^LDJj^e'^11 D^D iyDi?j<nyj jynxn ny-i.T'a D^y; dd^t^ 
D^D ,"'D")^Q i^p^b35;5ayi-p"'D5$-ipj<Dyi i<n pj< /jjiiji^yi 
d!?^ |i^d ^nyro DD^-'t^^n p^ i^Diy aytj^rn D^D{<nD 
lyn ps pN* :iJi-i^jy-i dik st^ ps iv:im jyiiyj lyj'^r -lynn^D 

.' -nny nyn nu d''j iyiiy:i -lys^ rs* jj^djj^jj'j^ii tj^ni^m 
b^-iyjy:i -lytDoyij lyi p5< D^jyii nyn ^i^ix t^jyD lyDD::^^) 
Dy p« to^Dj<^an ny:ii?p « inyT ^^ix iij ,d^''V nyjy iv 
,|y''tD-i^B ^•'iivsn ]v^^))'i Dii^tJ^ |yD^?o IV jyjjibyj DiT-x Dt^n 
^5^ jys^^n tojynnyiQ jynyj t^n* ny d^ii ^"'"'V lyn p« pj< 
-j"'^N ps* ^^^lyna ^^t w^^m \:i:ivbv^ fy^^D~ij<a-jyjy:i ^^iiv 
si:yjj"'nyn [DinyDD''j"'D} toyrs^p p"-? pN* t2N*n iy .rD^t^sj^ 
.|y-''ni^Q VT'2 pa -lyin^DJx ^^n jyD 
'lyiy^ii ^n DKn jy^^Lj-ij^a •'^iiv sn jyt^^iiv fisd^p nyi " 



- 12 - 

pr 1^ |yt^''iiv |V2"ij<n jyto^i^Dtj^ xn ,m:i d'-j r« Dvr "H't 
nb^iiyj^rjyaxn 1ST lynj^ ;D^i^^^^-|y^ nVDjnyj ps -inyo 

ir^jn^jy-i pyv^m pn jy^xr ^n :DD^\n d{<t ,]v^vb^ PwS 

j<n px i^^^'iD^toDjj^p NH— -D^tDpyntD 8 i"in lynjmyD 

Dsn T^s Dr-in lytD^^tiiJ' y^rr^t^-iyD ^5n ps jjn^jyi Diyt 

♦;y^^D-iyi3 ""^iiv vw^ w^'))'^ flQD5<p Dyn pa tostto^ity-i 

yiy^n Dp^s^ya dls^'-dd py^-'m sn \v:ii<ri 1787 p^? 
-yn^ y3"'^t^{^j{<D -ly^a ^sjpj^ y^s^^ynyi^^a ^sj "lyoyiDnya 
-"lys 1^ jyjJi^yi nyoyiLi-iyD ytoSiyiiyj sn t^n D^'-ms* y-i 
jyoyi^^tDD^ yDrj^-'x-iya j^n y^^^yii ,j^^vid^ddj^P wsn lyoxa 
J5<D |y^LDJ^^'^ pj^is tu d'H'iv^ i^p^^v^2i^ ps 

Dy"i:ij^p pD^ix w^^'im iy?3ijyjJ5< fs iJ^is^v^ti^toDj^p sn 
-i<st:)^ |ny:i"'m isn pa -iyt:y-iD"iys fc<n ps y^sbyn5$!?''D ps» 
N^ DD''''DD Piby "I1J jynsn lyjyiiDDyn pa ,1787 px jyo 
px pns P5< |{<''^iD^DDJj<p yryn .1788 ps Dvy DrtoytoK^yn 

.1789 p-iyro p^? toasip 

-ly i{:!iLiirtJ^stii t^^nn^tj^Tn rx bna^s jytoao Dyi 
-nya sn pa Djyinyia nyDK>-iy lyn obi< lyijjtiiyj oSny^i 



-11 - 

jjn^jy-i nyK>^^:iiy nyn ^""n lyj^^ac^ lyi^iiw ^n lyrn tos^ 
''"'D"iS3 yt:'''''ii^ «n .ny:n''3sio^D yiy^n lynD^-iiya jyasn px 
t<n px |ynyj^^vi^i<iiy-i sn lyiiyj Dt^T lyj^n oriin i<n 
,p"'^3"i2y-i ly"': nyn pa nyr''Dj§£iD''D 
t:)vyTy:iD"ij<a ri< fy^DisiQ ""^iiv t^n lyty^iiv ^Bi^^p -lyn 
Dnjyv:i ]')^ ^n dnh i^^^*i^{;!iiiy-i x^i ly^i isn "n^its* |yij;?iiw 

-^n ^""T .p^bsisy"! yjnjyDt:>DDnbyT s: obsi dd''^dd jnyv'-m 
-:^p \vm ^vi^ ]V'^v^:i^ Dyn iyjy:i d-'^dd p^« Dv^nyj lyn 
i:ip)pvi jyn^^n DD"t:)D &?n— .|yjjiby:i ^"-t Dt^n oy pi< oy-ij 
to^-'DD p-iN |yi^ pt« ynyijs sn fr-is yj'-^s* t^Dinya^'^N t:)^D 
,ddn:) |yntj^y:i nyt^^'-i^^ nyn D^?^ i^D ^ii^m to^n 
y^^i 5§ tV)5:?iiy:i |ysi§K^y2 t^s d^^v nyt^^-'Dnp lyryn pt? 
(Federalists) lyDD^bi^iyiya |yQ*nyj T't toi^n y^byii /•••'Dnj^Q 
jyDin^DtJ^ jny^^m v'^ i^'^ T5§ ^iy^iy:i r^x Dij^sD^^a iv't 
Tj$ ,DD^M 0^51 rijn^jyi ^iitnDjyv i$ px lyiynnya y\ lybxT 
lytDSXDti^ yt2rj"'^s-iy2 jnyv^m t^n ps ^yDy-iDiys «n 
jyo^^tj^ ]vWs] pK njt?b yvjN*3 D5<n -i^s yvyryj lyD^5D |y!5XT 
D{§siDtj^ y^N pN ,|yjjn^:y"i ytj^njy^D^ix d'-d iy:i«-iD-iy2 
-ys Dyii jiiny^jy-i ^^-it^jyv sn dsii |y:i^j<Q iyT"^D lyb^T 



- 10 - 

«n |y»ip''^n d-'j |yp ny d^t |nyty:ij^^x i:xn -ly |yii ,1781 

lyt^'Ti^JSins Dyn px |j<Djy5J^j§ii pa jyyDix yLsr^^^Niya 
,1783 nynroyt^ayD |yD3 Dyn ,'^^biiv .Nsro^^sj^^i b^nyjya 
-2^:iK xn tijyp-iyjs: nxn p^ |y3yjy:iDKj nj^b^JV Dxn 
rt< |yDj<^K>yj px Dy^j^b^p yi-iinynna y-in^t^ ps t:"'^pr:ijyn 
m^j pa |yi:5ii!stD£:^ ycrj^^x-iys/, d^j^ ^n d^d lynyna rn^a 

/j§pny]Dj$ 



«y3^ay yi:m 

4I86I rn 1787 ]s^:;riO''i:iDiNtp «n 

-^^^psn |yrn,i3iniyyj :]"'T dnh i^^vib^iiyn xn {yii 
|ym jyvj^ra t?n ,vi^b ivi''\V')'\t:i ^ "inyr p« jyiiyj oyo 
xn ,iyto^byi by^a Dxn pyroDj^p xn Dsy^tj^ -inyt jyiiyj 
DDisiiy:i D^j Di^n 'iv:i''P px D^ijnyj D-iyn{<ayj loxn vv^')^ 

♦|y"iyii Dyii ^t D^n 
bxt i^DJirc^^ii T8 |yj^^K^y:nj?a i^^ax jy^sn yj^r^t< 
ny nyT'i5i> et D^o DJNTDjy ^n t^sn -iy -lyas ;rjyp |y-iyn 
rr^K pr "IV |ynDs;-iyj ^n p&< yy^-is ^••n tornnyn Di<n 

.rnn ps* 
^^11^f D"i^t2D^Tpy w^i^n :iy^-ip pa t^''-'^ nyi^jstj nyi pi< 
-j^p ,|yDD^3-!Sti^»3 Dyn^D xn : ;y^D-i{§a m^D^^ti^a 



- 9 - 

.nt:ij<J pJ< ,Ciy3DytDsyD iyt520) -lyiiy^yn ,Ct2D1:'"l^5 ]v^W) 

♦ty^pr^i ybt< r« ly^J^^w^j^ ^^^iinyi rs hdh^d ^5n 
D-i^Qc^yjD^in^^^Jjyi^i^n 1783 r3 1776 pD |y-inj<^ «n r« 
-{^pnyD8 n-ij<: y•^^^^? iy:iyTyn i:; ibv^ p^p pN jyti^jyD p-*? 
^Jyb^^^? 3:j?^ px tosj^bs^ lyDs^iy -lyn px .Dy^J5<bj<p yt^^J 
-ly .oDibnys d'-iij to^D jya^i^DJS \:i])r2v:i i^dj^e^siii toxn 
nytD'^^iiv lyi pi< ,DiJ<n pN y^2^yny;b''2 ^x: py^ii< ?\s 
-yj D^J ^'1^? ny Dt^n p m r n j y 1 1 pi''K> "lyn Pl^1^< Dasibc^ 
-jyyj "nn iob{<ii oy t<"'ii dd^'-ti nyn .p^i?^ nyoyn p^p Dxn 
rt:^n■lyD^''^? lyiiyj "iy»'J< rx y^pyii n^npjj^-is jyii Din 
-|yJs;pnyD^< sn ,^b'r] iv jyoipyj d^j \2b^)) ni^b::v Ti« 
^yjyj^n ,DjyD5?^iyn DDybtj> pi< p-'bp nnyr iyiiy:i rx vv^'\^ 
ojy25$iiy2mj-inyT n^n^nsiv jyiiyj r« yy^-i^ v^'bi^v xn 
y^b^<T ,ii<T ♦d'"'^ "iv^v^ iv Di^yn nyn px y^oyn xn pt? 
"lysbyii ^Dy^^sss'? b^"iy:iy:i lysj'Tivjj^na "lyn n-i^i ^v:]}d 
-•"b^ivna] ,i^DJj;5b{<"ii St D^^ iy:ij<^K'yj-i^D ioDn!?yT T'T D^<^ 
np jyn^yn yny-i^y: ps •'poetbiQ f]i$-iJ ;jjirii?y3 v^n^ C"iyJ 
-D"»^3y2 jyat^n ,iyn:iyb ytJ'^Nysj;in^^i< yJy^y"'L^ny2 ps rnjyo 
|yy»"i5§ yiyjj;?^^'i^^iiyi yjysnjiinriv ^?n D:i''r^snyD px D-iyD 

jyn D^v D-i.-T'syj ^n p« 
-on nynat^j ps* "iJi?^^n ^^ii< Vi^n T-npji^-is -lyo^ix 
.nbya p^^ ]v^:v^ d^d |yiyj^^vib^iiy"i «n D^^niry: ^:^b 



- 8 - 

mviiyii toi^n yD^yii ,ytoy!3yn nyo^M px "lyjjxb ^ "isj p« 
-^ry-i yryn tn* ,3nd^d3nj •^^1^< ^^iiv jxto jytoDDyj Dyi V2 

.yuyryniN ybs? 
-yn «n D«n ,jjnyDD^^jy3 xn |y^iy:i rt? D^^n: 5<t 
-D^ibp «n .n^na ps ib-'n ly-ij^iiyj ^xa^ij^ fs :ijnypbyD 
DTjyp Dy^p^< ,t03i^j yvji$:i 8|y:iiibpyj tyaxn nypybrtyD 
t5jy-i2"iyD pN Di^n-Dii{jtp ps iy-i{<"ny:i lyonyjiaj^ix rx jySa 
yiynjst lyaj^n pi^^ vj px .dj<j pN ^^bojyay lyij^iiyj 
r:up pD y^DisiLDD yjy^''bn sn fyaj^^iniv jyto^nnj^ss 
*]vb')p fi''i5< |yvbJ<D£^>1:tf sn p« ni tj^mj^^n 
jynntj'ynyDJij^ rs* Djynjy2ynj''t? pi5< l^t^'-'nybpyn vw^ 
nyn pN 1776 lddij^is lyo^^ii^ Dyn oyiji^p pa iy-ij<;iiy:i 
^^nsn Dxn p5<pjyn |ytK>n /oynjjj^p jyiyn pQ Djyn^ry-ia 
yjyny^^^-iys px |yny>^ ^': i^d |y-i^D t2vy\, : npiyDya 
."lyD^^nv lyjjyn ybx tynn t-d ,|yD^n 
-a^ii^ TJ1X jyo Dyii /jyDsnv jyjjyn too lybyii "i"'d |yii„ 
,pbpjyiD posiK^njys DiycDjyyj dnh — "r'^iirvr^t? lyii^M 
-£i5<nyt lyn^^stDtJ' ynjy3i?j<2 jynxn nnj;!!^ wnbvi Dyi ps 
/Ob^"" \v^2^ '\iv^n-v^ : |yjj<''vitD>DD:)5<p yjyj^^K v^V'i d-i^d 
n^ybnyo ,Obv |yDl5] y^jyiib^ojyQ ,(>bv jyoS) y^y^^^m^'n 



— 7 - 






a787 rs 1T75 ]s^^:1^^i;11yn yo^n: «n 

tDi?i$lDCJ' ytODJybp t<n ,CRtiode Island) ljyi)"8 i)^ni 

--lyDJis v'l]}'' ps '•ns Dinybp-iy ^^SiDjysv ^n toxn d^ii 
,1776 ^5$D |yDl4 jyiiyj rx d^t ,njj$S:i:iy iv ^''^prjynD 
sn^ii pa (Lee) '•^ njyn msiirnn tDs*n ^jv |yD7 Dyn 
yjoDnnyn yn:y:ii5^2 t<n lyj^bt^^yn^a oy-iij^p i'd-ix sfj-'-^n 

: |^^^ii?^Ty-i 
-^:>^p "lyjspny^s! yoi^J^^s-iya «n dki |yDj<bti>yn„ 
;3r:ijynn5<Ji« px ^na p^t jynro t:3y-i "n pi< ,|yj^n oy^j 
p« Dy^J5<^^p yryn jyt^^^iiv jjnj^anyD yc^'-D'^^^Q yny^ dni 
."lonjyyj ri< jjiT-iy-i v^'bm lyi 
P&5 |^"''j;i^^ryi yryn lo^^D^^-iyDiij? tosn oDyny ]^mi 
jy-ij^iiy:! t^^nyiiiy '•jr \v^S Dyn rx yy^^o^p ynjyib^a sn 
D^''p:n3yDEJ'DDni5yT ny^n pa lunny^p-iy xn |ya''n2J^ i!^ 

;|^D"iy2yt^n DSI^^HD :Declaration of Independence 

px ]^D'\w ^v^m^") /DDyiy ]^^n ,p^pjv"ia p^siK^njya 



ps lyij^iiyj Din^synyn^s* t^n* ijn^jy-i lyi pa pn-na-'in 
♦Dtoynti'DyDDyD ps m^^c^ "lynxs p-'x ,Dyi)"'^D ^xj |^dd^3 
pt5 ,r]i2rhD ps bstJ^D -iyDti>-iy -lyn jyiiyj r^t^ D?<n 
-^i<D Djy?3^jyi yK^^i5:ijy yr^bp y: jyii /1 775 p« /'q^^pTi'i 
|yD3"'j-)yD IV Ti5<pJ{<p ^^?J iy"ij<iiyj top''j^yjD''ns rj« ]v^^i 
nyn TN ,|y-iyj{<^vi^j<iiy"i t^n ps jy^j^jyon^ yj^Di^T xn 
/lyDD-'jJiit^^^P yDTrJsm{< ps jyi^iiyj nTp^D{§ t::iyD^:!y-i 
-pniv ^n lyD^nbj^D y^^^^j^y t^n |y:iJiNiivy:i ivnxn y^^y^i 

.jyny^viv 
-nyiijjij ^]}\^'->m ^yn t^« nnx-' lya^yr Dyn ,bnQs px 
-i^j<^'iy-i 20,000 pQ lynj^iiyj D-T-pfc^toj^ yy^-iyt pn p^< n^j 
.jyijKDyj ^^3X1 |yrn |yjjit:Dy2 v^'b^i^v ^^iiv px ,iyiyj{;?>v 
-"•nj lynyjyjiv p^sa Dyjynynai:;jix Dyn dn'h dv!?^ dni 

.nt^ijD jyo 
'^]^v^ i^'thv^i^b'Q p« ^^T Dxn -lyt^yai^ d^j^o ^ px 
^^s* Dy lyD^yii ?)^in ,Dy^:^bj<p xn p2 Dyij:i^p nyi D^y» 



- 5 - 

•lyT \v^^)m lor^^yj rx d'-^v -lya^yr nyn pN .1619 nn^^ 

lympynynnx |vm ""^t b^^ii ,D^DnvD yo^nj -ins tojyDy-iyj 
jynxn ,bnj<v pj^ DiyiJin ,ybi§ p^* nyi^^^s-^-'jo v\'^i^* nyn ?^;1^« 
/Droy;^i?^'n -lyt^^nsti ,|NODQ^in 'W'^t n^i^ ly^^in ps lODyiDE^y:! 
lya^N Dioynt^toyDDyD pa jyD^i^tDjx t5nDy:i loxn -lyD^yii 
Di^Dij> fc<n D"'uyj DNM lyyT-t^ DJ5<>r^y-i yiy^ns yr7 
♦1636 pN njyb^^S! inij<-i d^-'^d px fDjyn^ii^-isa 
lynoij^ njsi^iijyDjyp-iyjj? y^xjyBxn oy^^^^^p vw^ 
(ny^Dt*^) Dyopyio Dbnj;itvyj -in^N jyas^n p« :ijn^jy-i-DQ"'in 
.Dn^:iy-i nj{$bj:)y lyroyii nyn''« hjn^ y-iyij{< yny^ n^ii 
D-ij§ -inyr jyj^n y^^ay nyryn ps jynn^^ yto^^iy xn 
Nn T^K DD^^bi'y^s yaDrD^^i") t^n .yo^Jirn-iy yj-'D^ni p6< 
lyTyn px DN*n y^^yii ,'^^npj^ns d''?3 :iynp y^nny-jy^yn 
jynp -w^v'i in toN*n D:njyy:i .ynyjyp jy-ij^^-iys iv''\p 

.1763 pK 
ytj>"'^jjy sn toxn ,ny3^N-i{<a rx non^D yryn ^bxn x""-)! 
Dyj^^^p yK>"'jKpnyDs: v^ri^^ ]VP'ii iv lyn^tnyjjs j^n^jiyn 
'V'\'\^ lyD^x ^n P]^ix n:)yr^^a''nN nnv^ px nny^ oy^jsi 
|yii "I1J ; jyab^ny:! jynxn jytDDyD^ia v^''? .Dyopyo y-iy-i 
ny^Qj^Q ,vvn\2 p)^ix DyopyD y^''j to:iy^yja^nx Dxn xn 
-ivjix xn Dxn ,yD>JS-iny3 yrntsyj y^^yrx ^nj px tj<^j 
■ynsivjix xn ♦dsnd lyiPia px lyry^iiya ^v to>\ijyiyna 



yiyn ivDj^Dtj' \vm) pa ? bn^ii jyny^ od^ioc> ly ya^y^i 

?t:)byi"i "lyT T'»^ 
|yD8i5§D6j' ytDryj^-iys «n ps ytD3^K^y:i ya^^tD^b^a «n 
:|yD^n-D^''v -lyn^ ^ly^j^ay ly^a ^^^"is lyb^MD-i^f jyjo |yp 



♦y^^ay yoK^ny 
.1775—1607 Dr:«^i<p v^'by^v 

]^i:^brr p« "nDiD''^Q„ i<n :Dy^jj<ar:^p ••^iiv pa jy^i^^iy^ 

."y^J5§QD^P 
yi2C^"iy nn^x Dp'^tJ^yjo^ns loxn yj^aDj^p i^iJ5<^ ^^'i 
ta^yryn "in |y2^«^ jy^Jsn^Dy ^n ps 1607 p« ij^^vnyaopy 

toi»nD Nn IDVy^ TN Di<11 /(Jamstown) p{<lOD?D''^t5'n pt? 

isvyryn Dxn y^jsiao^p ntoiD^!?a nh «cvirgmia] y^rt^ni^ii 
«CMassachusets) DDynK^toyDDfe?^ px jy^D^J^b^P y'^n"'fc5 
]V:i^r] yo^nj p« v^'^'bp ^oy^j^b^p y-iyi^x yjyny^tj'iya 
y:3K>-iy sn px n:^b |yv:83 pya-'X jyopj^ii iv jyn^inyjJK 
p« lyiiayiiDsttot^ Di<n lynyiDC^n^a v^v^^"^ pa ijtesinya 






jym /1607 p« jJiTjy-i ly^^^jjy ivT pa K^D-i^a px y)^ 
y3^n px yo^nj ,y^na «n lyi^i^w in^^ 260 ^pi^:^ px 
yaiDK^ yoD^yn t^n DD"'n-iy ivnt^n p^? ,yD^^•^ pa p^i^niay") 
r^N iV^y^Vii v^'^'b^B vwi •Dy-i:i^-ia px |j;i;''^j^rb^ivv pa 
,|jjtD:irt^^ii fc^-'ii nv^v^ VD^nj D'j^pny^j^ d^ii ,D^n V)b2 
^toD^royj -in^N jynsn y-mjj< px pi?pjyia 
I^DiJ^E^j^ni pa ys^yn ,|y^Di5§a ^?n jyty^iiv c^ajD^p "lyn 
V'\r\v "lyoDDyn -lyn n^a Daaoypyj Jyn^?^ ,^*^j^p'pyD T^a 
-y:i IV Dit< i^m ^^'1^ inyo jyj^n ,DyD bypj^ pa pnya px 
VVi'i^ Vi'^y'^ ^ D^D^n in Dn^Dy-iyorj^ dxii ,|yny^ jya 
«n pa lytojyT'Tyia vb^ pa jynyiotj' ps ]v:ivb ayn pa 
/jyj^Dayj-iya Dyi i^a T-bpn^i^i pj< .|yn^j<DtJ^ ytorr-'Nnya 
PN "lyn^n |yrnaj"'piv "lynjji jymvy^ ,]^d jytijyrbyDJ^K 
i^f DD^^jaa ^v^^'b'^n pn r&5 oy dsi ,t:''j y:i«^a p^p nny» 
fc^n jyTyiiyj oy fyj^n nyii Pinjya ^ lyDD^jyii dn lya.sn 



- lis - 



♦tsnt^D |^Dnr» 228 



.. 32 .. 

lynxn oy^j^p^p «n .^^'•^2 Dyj''''Dya^8 "^rn iyjy:i yyrD"i« 
.•yjD^nj^ p« Dri-'^t^-iya -^^t lynsn ^n ,|yiy-i3^^s lyrxbya ti^t 
pK — "iyji<nrx N''! ps Tj^npjNna — li^-'S ]vm ^\>'^ 
♦t^tDiir^^ii t^^nnxtJ'n -i^^ssd pa nJ5§D^p nyniytojix yyDi« 
yDrj''''NnyQ ^5n lyaxi^yn -lyDyaa^ dnh iJirj-'^Niys yryn 

.|yDN&5i3t5^ 



-+^1^ 



.. 31 .. 

^Dyj:{< p^ip// iy»^i DVT 13^:0 yDD^^y:i "iv^spnyDx -lyi pK 

."jynp 

-iyt2:i&? Db« 11J /Ustmys lyjnjyDtyoDabyT obx to^j :5^\n 

.pip iy:^''i'3iy "lyi pa "lyjynD 
B^n^n |y3-ii$j^D yc^^N^yQ^n-^i^ sn lyii ny^jya^j^ Dvy^ 
I^K DQ^c>"iiyn vi^'^y^ «'T ly:!'^ ^'t jyo^n iv lyjj^ayj:^ 
-jj§£yj:N jyDD^jj^b^p xn pa ypy^a jynxn ,t3byii ly^^J "lyn 
nyn ps ]V2i<r[ d"*: yP8 ^n piini iy» tx ,inynvDnyn ^n }y:i 
Don^yt lyj^P 1"'T jybyii oy^j^b^p t^n tn /ps< to^yii ly^^j 
pN ^^r nys^x "lyiy^jyi n ]V2^n iv yjn^ lyiy^jyn 

^vy^pv^^ "lyT lys^nnyjD^ii^ Dsn oy lyii 1756 pK 
i:n'':iy) "iy^n''iv:s"is lyn jysj'^iiv «pnyDN* ni^j px iV'^''\\> 
,DD""'ppyj lot^n r:yp "lyt^'n^1VJi<"l2 nyn .nytj'^bj:iy nyn d-'d 
psi:i pN p'lX' vj y^:)j<b^P lyn pa nS^n ,n:s:bjjy v: t« 
i^n ww^ ivy'f lyrivjsis b^^ii ,DinDjyr^i< pn rx ,^s^d^d^d 
tm« -ly-i lyiiyj t^n nyns njxbjjy .Dyn ps lypyn^jy yDony 
nn^t? pa jyit^iiyj D-iyjyi |yr''T Dy^jsbsp y^N yryn n^a 
.-lynjybjjy lyiiy: lyj'-n lyoo^j^b^p yDO-inyo xn p« 
«n L"o DrJ^^^5-ly2 jynp nyryn px ^n dnh ^i^npji^-iQ 
IV lyiiyi rj< t^pnyox p« yyoix v^'bii:v &<n .nyjsinrx 
-:"»« ys^nijyn fc?n p« vvDii< yt? nv^xna "lyi iyjy:i isiiik^ 



.. 30 .. 

|ifc? "W^^vb VD^n:i toby^i ny^j -ijn pN jyoDsii^ oy tn* ,|nyry3 
-"i-iyn irn lyijyb yryn 1y3^^? ;yt:"'nQE^iyD .iv d^^v t^x dj? 

|yii ,nynns ^^ix lynipynxQ cax "inyi ir^^sx rt? spnyoyt 
jyijn: lyjj^syjj^ dnit tij "HV jya^n D^yii -ly^^: -lyi ]■'&« 
D''j rt5 lyts^ntDt:^ vwi ps ly^j^nix Nn lya.x ; Dy^jj<^j<p 
/"lynyn^i? lyn pa j:nyjy-i p-ifc^ iv^^vb yo^nivD^nyn jyiiya 
lyjyn ,sQJjt-i^^&< px |y3-i5$i^D ^n ]v^^))'^ w^^^Vp^^'^ t^n -ii:j 
^n ]]j^')^'i |yiD^"'pj''D''nDtJ' y-iyijx ps i^nnta |y3^^:i''jyp tit 
t^n iNii ftobyii ny^^j lyn "^kj jyi^iiyj loayc^bnya "n^ix rtc 
-y^jy-i y^^t5yQj<i^^s n"'T pa |yy?D-i5^ 5<n ps ny"iyiJS!iij^"'« 
•jyt^nDtryj oyn lyjyii ^n ly^^^iiv \v2^n |y:jn 
,1702 1H< iyiiy:i T^t? jyo^ntoK^ vvi pa ytDorD^^ii xn 
yi38 nyDDync^ pn px jym^DK'yj pn 0^^":^^)) y:v? |yii 
tONn ^--npjsi-iB - .|^-inD lytj^^bjjy Dyt jyoy-itoyn D^n 
/D»''^tJ'n DNT ,D^j<iiyi DNn sn ,:iynp nj{$^:ijy d^d Din-'syi 
.njK^jjy pN j^jyp |y-iyii pmv bt^r iyto{<D D'yiiJt? piip 
-lya i-'tx T^« fjNint: \v^''by:v oyi lyjyii /jy^nyp^yi:; yrn 
]^i I'T ty:iN*n ly^j^Qji^ Nn .tipnyc^ ^nj lyn^iiyj Lisypc^ 
yn ."iyn:y^j:y xn ]vm iyT'''iv:N-iD xn d^d Dj^j^^N-iya 
-"lyijin toyo^-'j-iyQ dnh pN-io iy:^'^^j:y oyi |y:iyii jynp 
tyD^yinyi3^ loxn px Npnyoj? ti^j px Dy^:)^^^p ivn 



.. 29 .. 

.p'-^nisy-i tDDy^nQ px yDD^Dayo ^5n iVDpsii 

lo^yii ny^^j nyn ps lortobyiiy:! jyaxn yabvii nj&?^^n pi< 
"VD "lynx i^^h p^Dtj' «i nvTN T'T |y^''iiv ^n Diiynpvji d^j 
ny^^j nyi pa lynpivD^nyn D31Tvj m: jysj^n ^n .yn^t^n 

"j^*x p-'x T^x iD^yii ny^^j "lyn px jysi^bptJ' |y-i''t:n5jt3D^s* iv 
lyimpjj^p lyoijyj jy^jNBt;^ D^n ^bsi3 ps toDy^^y: Dyrt:sj''p 
TN pjyripJJi^P «'i -byiJi^n ]vmv^ Dyn px nJ5§^J^y to^o 
Dyn pN lytoDjymyD t<n ^-inxi p« p-isrot?^ iv iy-iNiiy:i 

-jyo Dyn Pi'-ij^ DD^-ito st Tin jy^^iiv 1713 pi< ,D3Noy3 \V'^ 
W^^bpi^ nvi pa (ly^vpst) onny:?' !5yD"iy^£i p^K ,bv^i^^ ]V^ 
ijytany^Q p^s* njst^jjy ps yjjj$ prjyp jyioipyn D«n dd^id 
pN .DnniD D{§iv"ia ^b^n pt? px jy^jNQK^ pa y^v? ^y*i 
pN laa^ipiya toD^nt^ nya-'brjyp ')v^v'^ e^n d"V "nn^^ 33 
•lyasj^bptj' Ta Diyjyj 144,000 ^pnyos 
vbvti ViV^y^v: D^yii -ly^^j lyi px -jn t:«n i)"Tnyn 



.. 28 .. 

^n V2 ,DDKJ ^"iTK ixn N^ii D^^n-i«y:i jynsn ^n .vd^ii xn 
-3VI0 pN yt2DD''n Nn px DVJytDD"'ii n t::)yiJ5§inyD |y3fc<n 
lyn p« njK55 VDDDnyjy:iJS! p« ytDDjnytj^ i<n px ,yDDi^D 

.Dbyii nyvjs: 
KH Dsaoypy!! jyaxn jyDD^j^^j^p sn «^ii oynaxj 
/D^nj fyiKiiyj rx njxb fyryn ps bnsv nyn /DyjyDD^ii 
nysiyi px DiytoK^ D^nyj jyaxn •••'T ^by^s ly^yD-iya ly^"-! 
yt^'^sysKT^N xnny^biv niDn^D ^^bnybs lyDt^iByjD^iK lynt^n 
-^ivn Nn jyb^nta iv Vi^vpvy ^'^ "n't jynsn ya^yii v^^v^ 

.D^jyii ny^^j "lyn iyri< tossiK^ 
ci^ix tjpipya nyD^K jynfc^n nya^-nyn ysr''xyQi<"i"'^5< xn 
•n^nviN y-iy^n {yp^ai:;jK anj nb^:i k ^i^in «^ii /xpnyox 
•tD^yii ny^"": nyi iv yniyisyiQ s ^^i^nvi tot^n '•••t pa yny* 
njNi?^n ,Dint:jyr''K in>x nt^s |yDbxny:i oybx tot^n |y"':fc§5iK^ 
.V^n^i^ 1ND njK^jjy pN ,y-in''N ")XQ ^^np^N-ia ,y"in^« nxa 
pK |yyrD-)K yD^n:i lyDb^nyj Dnsn lynsn lyjii-T-jy-i yiyn 
y-iyiJN sn dnii nyna^^iyD Di^n yny^ px to^yii ny^^j nyi 
bya inyr Dyn3^:-iys jyaxn jynyiyijtj'yi yryn .to^nya ts^n 
-IV |y3Kn p« jye'jyo by^Q "inyr iDyD-'ioyj lynsn ,Dy^:^b^p 
.D^yi^ ly^^j -lyT pa Dyi:i^iB Dyn jyto^Nnyi pn 
ra 1756 pa Diy^nyj loxn ya^yii ,iynp yjnny^ 7 xn 
yioDrmSaNn d^k ytoD''K'yi D^yii lynpN tiJNpynrK 1763 
-ly pN Dy^j^^j^p xn ioyoD"':-iya dnh dnii /yDD-iyiiu' p« 
nxa |^"'Vi^Ni"iyi -lyi iv Lj-in^ayj D«nDKii^'"ixnyaK OJionsn 



.. 27 .. 

-jfciii^r''x ]V)m w^^'f ^Ji?b jyPT r« ")VD"iTy2 yoo-iy xn 

|iD n^^j pD D-insitoJstD iy2&<n dxii -lyn^ /pi^j ny^n jyrsya 
pl^iN lyssn D«ii lynx ,D"'''ni5§ p^ D^Dpii? |in |yDJj<D{§n 
-lyc D2-i5§"iyn ]v:^i^r] ""n y^^y^i isia lyay-imya ^^nv: ^^t 
|yaj<n to^Niiyi jynj^n dkii oy^JSSDNp -ayp yny;? jy-iy'? 
,|yt:^^v y-iyniN px Dy^J^^2?^J<p p^nj^^^p xn n^ii ,DinD3^n 
"■n lyp^tj' |1N |y:^jyD jyo-i^o ytyn ]vi:ir]v^ jyDxnv jy:iybD 
p^i^ Dstnyj D^NDy^J jy^s^n ^^t "iyn« -D^yii ly^j lyn "hnj 
Dnybyj to^j |yn&«n ^^t riyto^^n-ist jy^yii to^j jyjyba '•n opJi^Diy 
tDjypy:i lyn^n ^n "lyT'^x |yn•^^«LDcry:lD^1N jyj^^T pN* /Dibs^^n 
|1Q loxn D^yii sn DX11 jyviJ yrvj"'"'« «n .pniv }yD"'")i?D:« 
iyii Dyn |yt:i^-itoyjD''iN lys^n •'"•t d«ii lyiiyj rs ,DNnyj ^n 

•ly^oyn ynyoyn ikq 
-y:jK ^n t:xn t^pnynx ps i^"'^8T''J^b^p yrtoDn t<n 
jyD^jyjin sn ,D-iyp^^iip sn iyjsiDni''Q xn |yii /|y:jND 
|yQj<b"iv lyj-'n }y:NnyQ yt^^b^s-iya Dj^^rbyi y-iynjt? ps 
.|yD''iiy3 -)y^''T "qN: ••nD jyny^ "l^f dis D^yii nyn^N -lyn po 
nyi r« ^n I y V y T y 3 iv dis iyDipy:i |ym lyoN^p v^V"^ 
/jyD^^prT'i^tj' ybi^ ly^yj tossDypyj jyiNn ^^r .D!?yii -ly^"-: 
LJ''» LJt^aDypyj jynt^n ^v /Hdid-i^ o-'d toBsoypyj jy^Nn ^*r 
1^ ^''i'pyic^ px ^I'-^^r'-Q "inyr lyiNii y^^v^i ^y:xnJ''^< xn 



.. 26 ». 

^n 1N11 lan^ I"n ioDiTy:i ivaxn \VT'\by "lyn ikd jyiKiiw 
]V2i$,n ^n p« ,t3-iyDS^WJit< psi:i to^:i nr^r jwn }y:yp lybxr 

-yj tytDpyo yt^jb^aiya yiyn jyasn D^yt^'^ti^^^B ps y^j''nB 
1NJ jy-inrjoy iv j^;3yp ]v^'bi^v ps D^:n^ibiy r''K jyj^ip 
-n^QD/, Nn /jye^ti^ ^^iiv |yiJny:i lynsn •'••t .tobyii "ly": nyT 
^{<j i2Pnyja^ ^n jyaxn 1620 p« ."lyissbQ '"o„ ps '6yii 
"lyat^ oyii pa lonnypyanix tj^ tot^n byin^QD «n -sipnyDi? 
j-'VDyr px ^''■n tjnj tk jy^^D^s 41 ^^12 nyij^iba ^^d «n 
Nn ]V2iiri ^yii ps^ii^ .t^byii ny^^o "lyn iv jyoipyj yrn jytD 
-xn rijnyjy-i ■iy"'"'T pa i^it^Q Dyi D"3"i5$yiD^i« }yDJj<ni''»y 
41 — p^^D yvjKi D«i p&< |^^v"id^dd:)^P i$ toDj^Qnya |yn 
-y-i -ly^^T pa y^yryj t^n lynntj^iytojit^ ?l"'::^ I'a^ix }yn^<^ j8» 
•tDjypy: tD^j px pytyj n^j 1]^5J lyaxn ^n d^^ii ^^^b ^ px iJiT'a 
-yiD^iN ^''T jy^xn xpnyDj? px jyDipyj:^ jyj^n '•n |yii 
fc§ Nni "lyrjyii ps .D''\n "lyn "isis DtoyntJ^Dj^D^o jyn^^p 
pa lyai^DSJ'yjD^^x jy^Ji^-irD^N v^V'^ pa Dabyn lyrn nn^^ 
--iNyj jynxn lya^ijmya jyj^n dkii y^^broy sn "lynx ,|y^^^^ 
v: pa "iynjn:i xn jyiKiiy: \vi^'>] px caaoypyj px d"2 
pt< ynrna yiyinyo jyDipyi nbj<n jyj^-'T ^n iv .i:5§^:ijy 

•lyD^jyj 
-i:rGj<DstD p« iy-iyn:Biii:"'^s ytDDiy xn pa "iv^y? xn 
yorr'Kiya xn px yi^^i yDoy-ij xn t:vy^ lypy^ac' DDyr 



lyn px DnxDtJ' yoDynj y^^^in Nn lanyDK^ lo^y^ ixii i3-i« 

.Dbyii 
|yDQyiJ*yj yi^ia DDXDyj jynt^n yD^yii /lynjy^^n «n 
-a''iK D^j |yasn lynt^fcuii yiynjx }is* (n^a) ynxjiiii-iyDia |^j< 
-iNfSi3D v^'^bp lysxD pK |ys^t5> Dpynjjitn jyp^K^ iv lonynyj 
.••Jiiiab^ n /"lyiv") i^oi^n dtik jyj^ 
-nsicj^to s |yDijyjD'>'nfc< \^i toxn y^jyiSD^p iynjy^j<n «n 
]V2VW "T i2«n DX11 ,:ijny^jyi ytj'njyi'^n lyi |id nyo 
ra '•^D s-^p |iD D^yii ny^-'j nyi px jybiJj^n w D^yi D«n 
vj,/ |y-ii<"iiyj jyanyjjx r« ^:i6 P'^^ "lyn .fe?^D^pD niinj 

V^^'biiV t5'i jynyjyjpyiist i^xn Do^'-tj^n m}\> Dt^ii nji<^ 
.jyDipyj D^j t^intot:^ p'^p iv Dyn ny^^iv ^^n rx y^J5?s»Np 
yabyii nynynJi^iiJ^^x lyp^tj^ ]v^)m W^i^n nynjy^Nn xn 
isj^^^yj jynxn p« byn^x iyDi?njj<o j'd^in tovyryn i^t jy^sn 
^p-i^n"": yj^tovy^ «n /Dj^iiytoDDS vj pD DjyDj^njia oyn 
-pynK^ 8 jynnyjjj;? ij^^^jjy px ^n Dt^n to^^v nyryn px 
rs D&511 aii:yiiy3 Di^ay-i i<n oji^bj^anys Dj^^i''by"i v^b 
piibi$P /nyntoib /"lyDn^ayi xn ps jy-inyb s'-n pa jyoipyiD'-nN 
p« lyajii^^aiya DJ^-'rbyi DDstinyj ty^j<n ,y-iynjfc< px 
,lyiJ<''VT1^pr^5 y:5N d^d px ly^^a d-'d /i^NtotJ^ to^D ."iJsiSijy 
]V'>2?vo DJ^T^y-i yby^a jyj^"'? iy^:5<25^ px \VTii «'t n'ii 



.. 24 .. 

pN ly-it^'nyi t^niT-Dyji^^K rx DjyDKb-i5<Q n .yvymi y:yr''x 

v^jr 150 12^0 f\'^^ « jyoipw nisbj^y ps rx 1621 px 

pK jytoDo^ij^p y-iyDyQK^ sn pa oiyniD xn ps jytDJK-iro 
-NDK^ yt2j>js^N-iys xn pD D''"'n"'na sn ins "lysQDyp xn 

•lytoN 
t2jyDyy:i lyaxn -)ynjy^:ijy «n Dfc<ii ,d^^v "lyn^ynyi px 
y^rtrm^ii p^5 yj^^^p n DT^jnxoy p« j^nyij nii:"'^n p^t? 
"I1XJ jynbyT p« iiyii ny^n |ylo''Jt^♦yJ nynjyb^n sn jynxn 
Dn^5 |yiJ"nyn:{§iir^N px lyjjic'-i^s y-iy"T "n-in ,xpnyDN 
-nyDD»N-vj Dyn:njyj \V2i^n ""^t it^ii nvwi j^on^n oyi 

.p-i^n^j yrtovy xn ,D^?^ 
-JIN DnmD y^j'-'^jy^^n pa y^jxsDNp k ionh 1610 ps 
-D-inN 'TJNB^Np Nnrx DD^N t^nj:?!,, Nn lytoNj Dyn nyn 
.ny^m |t<Dij<n Dnj< jybiJNn iv yixNii n'-ro jt'k^ n tDp"'tj'y:i 
,yrr''N ^iXj |yDipy:i lyj'-n jx^vnyaopy "lytoD-iy lyn ^nj 
ya^binyayj xn |yDiJ-iytojiN Di^n p^^n jNO^axp nyn pn 
,3nj ^yoyp -lyi tojy^ oy ixii /-lyivn dd^n p-iyn^N vv^^ 
pa ly^D lyn) "to^j b:>vr^,t mv "qt^J oan |yD jy^^yii 
-fc^iiyj tDJy-lnyia^« 1613 "inN"' p« ^'^ ^l^^'^ D'p^b .(D^:n^3 
i:; jyiiJii^iivyi jyii^ii ytD"*^^ yrn d^o iNto^a^p ^yi pi< /iy"i 
Dy li^ii /pnj Jj^^j^^a jyj^Dvy^ lyayj ^y^i^u ^n ixa jy^ND 



.. 23 .. 

^n .niBnvj^ r« i^^j n^ "i«s lo^uns pn lyn^n b^ii |yto"'''3 

-iybjiv njvrita -lyTt? jyiiy:! rj^K^nn^ii px t^« 1612 pN 

-yiyj i2Nn yDbvii ^^i^K^t^ lyjsnj^K pa lyDs^D xn Dnt^j 
-jNsyj jVD^Knw i^n i3Nn pt< jyayi) d'hid-'dd jXD^sxp toyD 
iD''D DD^ipyjD''"iK xn DNn lyDND in^x rn p)''IJ' pn pt'Ik |yi 
Nn D""© lyoxbtJ^yjas Dsn -iy Di<ii /jxiDiys Djyiyna « 
PK loay^byjj^^x ^^^inyn ^n to^n -lyioD^o p"-! ."iynjyi?J3y 
"lyn "lyDND in^^ .ptoonp « |y-i«i"iy:i rs pt< ]v^\:^^b::v P'« 
DNH DKT px "in^K^ D1V DD^DLj^yji^ Dxn nytj^-iyn iy:«n:^8< 
Nn px ■ly^JybJJy «n lytJ'^iw DSJ^iJ'nrnjD sn Dpn^tDt^'iyD 

.nyjt<^i:^« 
^xj y>j^B>n*i^ii rfc< Dyn^xj D-'^^f n ^^^s p« jy^xn ra 
D"ix"i t:«n "iyj''"'p .ny-iynjKiir''K pe D-iypbyayn lyiiy:! i^^x 
pn "ixs njN^jjy lyD^xnyi idkh "lyny .y^b-iDNs s taxnyj 
io^u"iNyiD""is b-i^inyn nyns jynsn -jyiynaxiij^^K xn ♦D'-m 
byp^t3-i« D^K ly2J^?iy3 rx "lyDbyii /pNsst^ pD loeyK^yj Dyn 
pK ibyj Di)K |yni<iiyj Dvijya ^^in tk p« xsxi^^x ^nj 

.y^j^tj^m^ii 
D^^\iDiv y^^K^m^ii pa -ly-iyijxiij^^s &«n |y:^n 1619 ps 



.. 22 .. 

-^K^ '•^11 V •yo^-'i? DiyiJin pjra ps |5<''V"'nysDpy y^'-J k top''K^ 
♦lyjji^jyjiytojix jyii i'd^in* jyrn lyj^^nya vbv^ to^D |ya 
tJDXDyj lynxn yrK>n-i"'ii px jyro^pyjjx jym D^^^n sn 
PN -ly^y-imya DjyDD^^D |y-iyiii ^n -jyvij x""!! lyn^^t^ *inyD 
}y^i{<"ia Dyn ,nnv ^^biy:?x Dsj^oyj fynt^n ••n .DyiND5§bi5§t5^ 
PN DK>-iyny:i oi^n -lyiJin .ni:)''DD jst^'-si^p -lynytoc^n^Q 
IV Dyiiyiiy:! ^n jyasn d.sii |yDD^J^?bJ<p sn rjj^DDD^^tJ'n 
pa .T-i^Dnst^-iyjits* |y-ixiiyji t^yii^Diy lyj^n iyjsinr« t^n 
px ,rv3yT lyn^^ayj jyj^n -iynyij{§"ii:"'^« t:-iynjin ?ira sn 
tyrn ps •qybys^c' ei^iN lyn^bpnys ^^i?n:y ^n lynj^n yryn 
^^T jynxn -iy:^''D v^'bi^v ^i<i"i nJt^biJJ:?^ vj ^5<j |y-ini<Div 

•lyjisyj 
Dtiii (1610) jxn ]v:ibv^ nyi p« in->^iip-iy?o "iyni< 
-i:v ytoDiy t^n pD jynxi^yj DnybyiD^ix rx j^DOD^^tJ^n 
yc'^r'jjy y-iyi^x d^o jya^K^ nxxsi {§ |yDipy::)fc< jyj^n /lynjyp 
y^^j yry^i .D-in^eyi tot^n -ly^ixbyn ^"ix^ dsii ,-iynynJK^iJ''^ 
]V'\m '•^T /Di^D -lynjN pt^:i « pc |yi{§^i '^y-ly^:J5§11:^^^? 
ly-iN^iyi tor^^yj rx ^n d'-d ps D{§m^nya ps J^nn ,rD^''bE) 
.y^j^^m^ii pi< yj^^^P nyt^ony nyn pa tDJyD^<^i1Q "lyn 
-iD^p ly^yi? io^t<iiy:i lo^j lynxn nynynj NiiJ^^t^ y^^j ytyn 



.. 21 .. 

V^n Dy^N |yjiDy:i ny t:Nn jyoipyj pniv rx ly jyii nyj 
nyn |is |y3y^i?3yj jyj^n i^rnya :i"'^-iya r^iba .pynyDiix 
i:f rDiya jyiiyj -h^^k jyj^n v^V'^ pK /j^^^nyaopy nyvjsi: 

.jys^i^tDJK 

-rnx Dn^K ijsbjjy i3Kn ,ytD''^b rviya yj^-'t ^--d jjijti^ 
ny^ny ^KJ lyiiyj jyr^r dnii ,ny-iynj»iiJ^^K y^j 120 top-'CJ'yj 
•it^t^Q « |yjisy:i "nn w^i^n y-'j t^n jyt^^ii^ .ytoony t<n pa 
^ly yrny^K^vn jyjiayj nbxa jynxn y^byii ,|y'T'DC^-nb^i 
n^sn rx nyn^D nb^j n .n^^:i r« oy tx /ioj"'"'»yj jynwsn |ik 
"lynt? jynyn tobxiiyj lo-'j Dxn -lyj^-'p .yD^""^ yb« jypjiiaya 
|yn^"ij |y»ijyj "n^ dnh nyny ,10^^21^ yt^'^Dpssna |y:iyii jnyr 
ps fl^c> ybiQ 8 |ynN^y:ij« Dxn Di^avj |KD"'aj<p ,ib^i 
-IV 1^ D1S nij njK^jjjy -jw jyDxbDJK T^s pi< n^^3 jyryn 
.n^^:i tD^j nDj<T DDxinyj dnh ny ts: /jynnxD 
-y^ii D^^avj |5<D^ai?p yi t:«n p^n yjyaNnni^ s d''d 
to2»iny:i ny toxn b^D jytyn •y^JTLj'm^ii tikj jynyjyi -lyn 
]}^''b::v ytoDiy fc<n ,|y^nD "iiv ^n jysj'^iiv |yDJ5§-irDy 70 
lyaxn nynyusii^^N yryn 'h^ik nynx .5$pny»K p?< \v'''^iq 



.. 20 .. 

NH jynxn nynx ib^2 .ly-iiTajyt V"im ei"'iK D^i?n^a dskd 

IV DKTi tot^nyj D^j ^n jynsn Dnj$i /D^^a-iyiyn is^j ni^ya 
tyniKDK'yjD^ix lyy'-r "iy-iynjsi"i:^'x «n |ib tosbyn .jyi^^jB^ 
-j>''x yryn ps ly-in'-ajK xn .pyiisi fx lytDit nyn "iyn^^« 
."n'-T "iND r"'Q5i' ^yD"*! «n Dynjjyj pyiit^ \v2^n ny-iynj^sii 
">))V^ K ra ,D5^iynyj Dn^<^ jyisn lyD^prto-'ntoEi' ^viyb« 
.")y-in*a j$ t-d }y-ixiiyji jya^bpyjD^i^ T^x nto^DD j{§to^3Np nyo 
Kn IV Dyn:yiiyj toonyiv "h^t Dt^n -ly-i.T'D -ly^'-j lytyn 
|yD''t^ IV iy»")jy:i ^n ny to«n jt^i ,r''asj> ^xj nyjxnj^^ 
iynN-iy»«p v^'t t:iy'\i<\iv^ ">y toj^n :]in{<n ,^y^ria yn^-'n 

•^ytD^rD-Djyayi? ^'d 
/-ly-in-'Q lyryn t^x ,:iJijnnK pi< |yiNiiy:i ft? oybs jyii 
jytj'-ixQiVD^is D^"ni< v^'^b yrj-i^fc^ n^D zHd^dd |j<d^qnp 
lynNnyD^y^i ,nyjsnj^N iv ly^Nsyaj^nx jyj^n ""n .y^rK^nTii 
lyisn ^^T ly^byii ,ni2^0D ixto^saxp lyo^ix Dn^itoyj jy^ybi^ 
tDb^''ni3'TiN"iyQ Dn^i< toxn nya^yii ,f]^Ej>i2 -lyn iv DDxnnyj 
niv ly-iKiiyj toyto^nysi^a rx no'DO jsid^qnp •d-'Id div 
,|iit:K^ St pi^is jyij^iiyi DJ^^by:is''n« pit?^ rs axp pn .dmo 
t)^ii< jy^xsyj rx 3^^p lyjsnrx nyiyii^ nyi -lyi^^x nynt^ 
-y:i -lyDDKi: DyJn^^<^ p]^y\iv « d'^i^k^id Dyi rt? asp p*-? 
nn^fc^ lyioyay:! tofc^n p« nysnyp Dyjyijny:i Din ^'m^ ly^xa 



.rrtj^m^ii /I y 1 1 ^ "I d d -i ^ !J^ n r« jyoipy^uN 1607 px 

|5§to-3iSp DP''^y:iD''nN* losn rjyp jytj^'-bjiy pa nyn-ii<tj'n pi< 
-r»y 105 D-in^Dy:i ivnxn Dt?ii ,|ya''K' "■'•"n d-'d D"iN3-rj 
rx li^ii /^ytrx PiSj^^-i pa^ix lyvyryn "nn lybxr ^n ptojN-i 
yryn .iyiJ5<jy:nynjix -lynna -l^^?^ '20 ls'd ri< y^j^bxp 
$§ 1^^^ |yj«ny3 yn^yoNQ :i"'jyi'i DNny:i D^^^ iN^^^iyaopy 
?l^y^iv nb ,|yiiyj d^j ^n ]v^'))'i rs ^ns p'-p .|s^^iSrjx^Np 
ly-isiiT yjnyrt^ ^^n ,iyp^J5^3yrD i^^^a s* ^jis -lyo^'-mt^ 
Djyts^^^i:; pa jynyi) i^f orit^yj lyn^^n dj^ii fiyD^y^jyEJ^n 

*)nyt |yDiiy:i dnh iy-iynj^i^j^^x vryn pD yrn t?n 
'^^<11 f^':i p'b^::v^d px jyanionya ""^t D«n ^j^n n rn ,:^i6 
-Nn -lyiin Dyn .jyij^b i:; lysj^n iyD"i:i t^ jyjiayi jy^xn ^n 
-yty:! i^n ly3^?^ ^n .lyiin dd^^e^h jynyjy:! jyDSj s ^n jya 
lynxn ^n vn nyivn Dyn ^i^ix i^^^D ji^vdjis -lyD^^ii D^y: 
-yjD^iK jynxn ^n y^byii byrrx yn^^^n yjnya^ ^5n |yjiDy:i 
Dy lynxn px ,yj^trn-i^ii ps DiNntJ' DSi^in lyn nj?© lya-'^p 

.|Nt:DD^"'t^^n jy^yjyj |yDt<: s 
^ynj^ii y^j^tj^nn^ii p« "lytj^nyn ny'-T p« nyj5§nj\s 5<''T 



.. 18 .. 

nms yt^Dyi ym pa "lyj^x Dn\s t:xn ^lyn^ ibsii px 

(1687) D^^D C)^1X iyD«tJ'"iyT 

pK (|^^Vfe5-ir»^x) :i:nynj5§iir''« jy^^iiv ny^c^nyDJix lyi 
-byn ps mix jyK^-'iiv n^ii /-lynbynyn rs j^^vsiT^j^^^i? 
^jsb stp« ]VD)p]v^:vKi jyii /toD^\-i 3:nynj5§iij^"'« — -n^an 
TD Di^n lyvyrya iv "qn Dibii'yn lytooyo Dyn d^o 10^5 
-jstiiyj:^''^ |y2Nn '•■•t "iij ; iyiiyi2K'»ifc< y^N nyojis ,nyD^tc 
Dy jyii ,p« |yvi: ybynytosn t^n oy yD^yii fyn^v iv D-iyn 
PN jy^in ps lyvyryn Doya |i$T ^''T "■'•r lybyii |y:^ib "•'•t Dyi"j 
-fcisn^bjiitp -"lyro^K 1^2 D^\n lyn nii§b yt:"iyii{<")iyj:''^t< lyi 
jyiri: iv |yD5<nv ii^r ]V2^'b\> \n':v^ lyii ,nD^''n -lyax i^^v 
nnn yytoarp y-iy^n px ^n n^a nnyiD^M « ^j^i? i? p« 
-lynN ^^T n^a lyvij ibytn lyn^n jy^jyii ^n iv :injypip n^j 

lysxn y^byii nyiynjjisiir^N ni^niD yo-inj pa lyisiiyj toDiryn 
-lyDyatj' xn nxa iiyn nyn jytD^-itDyjo^ix in:y^''ii d^j "ix5 

.jyoD^jN^^p v^i'^ 
-yiJ5$iiJ^^x -11 J iytDipy:i iy:^n i<pnyo{< px fyn d^^v nh 
t:iiV^ii: V2 D-iynjin-inat'' |ytol6 v'^^v pa D"iy^"ny:i t^xn -lyi 
-••a i^a lyjK^vsiDD yo^-nyj .lo-iyn Jin-inN^ |ytD-l8 pa ni^sn 
|y:^^t3J{$bt:s pa oy^y-in xn jyayj |yjiay:i pitj^ ^n jyaxn nyt^ 



.. 17 .. 

"iyjsini^« i^^n D-D D^KnnnyB ny dkh nn«^ pi^^q .tDVP"»80 

-«nrN y3*'^nj^nQ px ;ynv:s"ia pa to'i^^jya .tjk-isk^ ly^n 
-Dpy p^s D3XDy: Dy^^t^t^^r n^^na pn ps loypnt^D dnh nyj 
-nsD r« lyiDnxn .(1673) nyiv-i •'s^d^d^d Dyi iv t^^^^nya 
i< PQ iynn j's^ix nap 5$ lyjiayi px jya-i^tDtJ'yi ^^ix ^vp 
nyj^^D3«: pn -tyoxj p"-! io:;y^ rn dj^id dxii /^ya^^D p^i^p 
IV jy^iyj r« |N^^f^l»K pv .^8Di$p yn -lypiniistp jyiiyj rx 
-fc^Qtj' -lyT'^x ,spny»5< ni^j pjx:i 'n^np:K-)B -i^a jyanymy 
.njyn y-iy^^t pt? |ya5§nj^n« oy jy^yn ^jxijjjy lynx jy^j 
-lyjsnj^s px |ynv:«"iB ,|«nya rvajia pa ^^d"ixq « to^o 
DjjNa "lyi^n ^s^d-'d-'d nyn ifc<ii psba Dyn D3^n-iy ny D^^n 
anjyayj ,d^v px sipd lyD"-!"):! n \:)V')2v^ t^nt^n p« |^ l^r 
-jKia pa yiny iv ,NJsn^t5i:) lyjoxj Dyn ijy:iy:i nyvjt^j -lyn 
-D1K "nn Dsn ny .(1682) nyDl4 nyn D^xib rjyp tytJ^Tiv 
?yny:iyj dh^k losn rjyp lyn inii ,^^npjx-ia ^xj D-inypy:i 
DN11 Dy^j^bjjtp y^'-J y^« ly^t? toaj^job^a &<n px jya-'tj^ -ly^a 
p)''ix D-'nK ny t^&^ i^nya DiyiJin-'m d-'d .|yn:nj loyn ny 
yi jyiiyi r« lya^K^ t^n pa n-'iJXDsp -lyi .yr^n nyt:-'''!!:; pn 
lybyoiJ^ivax ^n id^^d^jx px nj^-'a -jya^^jvnya D'bsDxi) 
-jixiivyj ps -iyD''">ii |y"in&«anya ny rx ,iyiin "'Q''D''D^d d'-u 
-ij'n^a-iyjij^ p^i< px T'T lyvyryn pi< iyDnpiva«-ii< lynybs |yj 
i§ D^rD Dnnayj ioi<n bi^oi6 yi .D5$Dpyn px rijxi? |yto 
• t^jsTKi^ pniy3UD^it<px|y-inxa')Vpn'ivy^j&?aDi^p iyj^»;p 



.. 16 .. 

.ny^jj^QB^ 
-yi-iy3^« pn i3^» ^D^D yi tsxn ,|yDipya t^k :iJ''^nQ |yii 
"lyoNQ Dyi// /^^^ta ^q^d^d^d Dyn iDD^nny yyo-ist nyjyn>^3 
.]Vt>)iV3i Dn^i< jynxn nyjxnrN «n n^^i ,"jyiyDj$ii yp5$ pa 
lyryn ]v^^)w iv lyn^x to-T'nnssyj ^n lynsn i^dj^tdik 
yo^ni "^n t3''» i::iNn*j px i?yjK^ nnyr lOD'-nDK^ "w^bv)') ^'^^^Vi 
-lyE) p^ii^ybo^i \v:iii<r] |yb"'^a lyjsn:''^? px nyra i lyo^u 
p« t2i5ya"'^ii:^"iyQ .yyonx pn pa toa^yn ytooy-ii &<n loynD^j 
DH^N jyasn annn yj''^T -lym^Dt^yj ^toj^oyn pn jyoN^-iya 
-nyi D^j Tin |y!?NT nyjNnj'-s t?n ,iyns<-ijy3 iv DNny:i ntid 
lyTK^y^asnK "wb^v? pn Dnxn jyaxn ^n .d^id pn pa lyo^ii 
n^D N^ii ,^D^Dyi nyiv"! "'Q''D''D''D pa {j'^jyay^D -lyi pt^ 
"ly /(^i^?b yjyni?^Ji) ^nsn^nby Dyn ,|yjiay;i n^j Di<n ,|nyr 
toc'-iyiv DNH ps nyiv-i ^Q^D^D^D Dyi i:5py-iDjy lynx Dxn 
-yn lya^ymyTK nj^:? Dyn ivtaay-i ot^i |y^:ii!aK^ jynyjyj 

• DD^ba ?]^>D nyr 
D^inyDiiN ^^^jnj "n^^to lyryn \v:i^n oynx lyr^ivj^tna 
lynt^n ^n .oy^j^b^p d-int to^Nroyj ytos^'-ly ssn ]v:ii<n pt^ 
Dyn ,Ti^^D |yD^n:i nynjs; p^x jy^iayj d^^:; ')V2bv^ lyn ps 
Dyun^yj p« ,5i;^D^pD 5§ii^j tovyryin lynxn ,tojy-ii^b tojyo 
-j§nrN Nn jyaxbpK^iya iv dndc^jj^ .pyTiip DiNDij' nh 
IV ^n lyTana fynvj^-ia xn jyjyba nyj^at^ xn n-*-)^ -lyj 
fnb: fe? lynyj r{< jyt^^yDybyiy yry^i pa nyr-'x .|y-in"'b^ivv 



.. 15 .. 

-li^K vib^ii Nn D^D ^n iw^btj^ ps ,iynbvii ytD3ny:i "n-in 

nysi pa D^ontJ^ nvj{§nrx xn lojy^tyn "T lynxn i^dxtiv 

^D{<D:yi .bnysi px n^^i v^^iz ^ iyn^bpv:is^i:i^ px (Peru) 

-nVD ^n tDt?n -ly iteii ,|y'':xs{:> ^^: D-inypy:ipni^ ^n loxn 

0J8"i jy^yns pa ^na -ly^^n n nnyr i:^ Dy^D5$"l^^^ 

ly^y^P iy"i5<iiyj i:"'J nyax rt< nb^:i n^a DaxE^>jyT'"'b p^r 
nyD^nt33^n xn pa yDD^c^yji «n t^nynyj Dxn -ly |yii ps 
Dyn ^""n jyjynpyj ^^1^< ps ]v^v2v^ iy t2t<n ,sn^n«ba pa 
-■•Tya IV D"'J2^'i^-iy dni }yt:5 Dyn Dy:)i5<^t3 ii':vp \v^':^Q^ 
|yin^ay:iD''o |ym dh'-x io^d .yTi-i^ba jyonyji^-'N px jy:i 
lynyioby y^^n p« y^y^y pa "lynrp ,"iyjyD Dnyn:in opyi 
"lyjsnyK «n io''D |yto3i<^K^ ypya ^xj .-w^v^i yiyn d^d 
lONn ny ,snnj<i5a ps jyj:mi>;rnx |y:jiby:i p^d^d yn pk 
njs!? ^>3 |y"int?ayj rx -ly .|y:iayj Dij^n ibx:! ]''p nynx 
i3^» DH^fc^ jyjyj jyiiyj -lyjxnj'-x sn jym ^j^-iyn^x .-lyD^^ii 
-yj T-'K t3^''pDi<rnj d'^io^d yi b^"'ii ,:i"'^nj"'''a jyt^^jyo y:)^n 

.t^DiK'nya pxiyi^fc^ bv^^ jyiNii 

lyj^r vv^'^i< pr px ^d^d yi |yii ,dd5§j ^^n ^t<» p-'x 
fiyiD^'-r yb« pa jybsiayn ^n "iyjxn:^« xn |yyn /iya^:?c'y:i 
lynxn -lyjt^nj^K xn ,Sn^in^ p« /"iyr\T v^V'^t toiyianya 



.. 14 .. 

W^bv^ DVT fl'^^« W"^^ p^D^Dyis DVT lOD^niy i:xn ny .p'-m 

ny o^j<tD-iy jyoi^Ttobyr d-'d -iyjn5;iiTir^N t^n ly-iynj^^ss ps 
PN tyQ^5^ yj^'^jyiBi;' v^^V'^ nytoD-'nyQ px dtpsils^ dnh 
jyp^t^ toyii |y^Ji?Q^ Dsn ,yi:yD3-i^s nyn^t^j .|y:iJiDDyQ 
D^ntDD D^^3 iyD-ife?ii Dyii y^byn Dn^t^ |yjy:i l;yD^^< p'-x 
*ixj .n-it<: nyn )'i pv)^^ "ly rt< riyat^^ iv Dn^t; \^bvy^^ 
pN D^ytDtj'yjQjjt Tj^T iy lot^n yrn y^-'^p-'^JDix jy^j^ii ya^bny 
lysNn y:DSy"ii ly^n^iir^i^ t^n .^pd^vj5<"id-i^d ps ""u Dyi 
T>n2 D^» t:yj:iyjyn Dn^s iy2i<n \nvm ^'^ yo^^ii p^p j^^i V2 
^n •'^3 jyrbyj rx ny .rjyp "lyn ista nn^5< toj^npyi px 
pyni?n pN ^^jjij by^s toTnyj^s* tot^n ,|yDj<ii f^J^a lyvjsj px 
-bws-'i^j,, ijj§b ypy-iDt^' iyvj{<3 lyn iyny:y:i |yJD^?i n i^nh 
isiyv5< jyt^^Q^D^s Dyn."q-)n rt< p^^ "n:«;^:ijy-^"'j,/ -iyn&« "i^u 
fStpnss; -jt^j iyD-ij<"i ps ,-iyyD iyti>^:j<nrx Dyn p^? pnj^ 
•njxpjjy T|5<j pmv t^pnst^ pa p« 
y^^bjjy yviStJi D«n p« ^J^<bJJy ps oynj^r^^y pj^jyp t^n 
Dy35<rpy -nynj^a D^nj d^d ;yD")jy:ia''ix Dn^« |ynt?n pb^s 
nya^n px n!p^J y^Ti-iyj:^ «n pa r^^^nD s lyDijyjiv t^&^n 
."p^m D^DJ^"iD "lyo,, ijiD^D yt |y!iy:iy:i dh^n -ij^anyn pt? 
pa pyiiv -lyj^^fr^t? lyn lynyj {<t^« t^k nya^n px i^j^j 
^n iy:iy^D Dyn ny^^iv .ynjyrn px lyc^-i^a y:i^b^ost vb^ 



.. 13 .. 

l^^rv^ iVP^tsK^ ov lOD-'M i:vy ."yvT d^id„ \v:ivm jVioxj 8 

.bnvQ px nb^: ^rs iVJ^eyj i2i<n ny ik^i ,d^ div jyioip 
-nya dh^s Dint:D^n |^n onh V'J^b^p pn iv injyoip pniv 
rrjvp nvi "18S lonDoyj dh'-x jynxn yryn .5;nj''"'B bya tossB^ 

-vyryj pN Di)^Mt3niK"iy2 /|y:ijj§sw dh^n Dxn jyo ojny^jyn 

.D-iyin^»ny :;>!j 
loxn Di3Dibt5p D«i lyyvnyrt^ pK LJDjynnys pn tj^n 
ynynos yby^a .jy-ixiiyj jy^jj^Q-iyQ d^j ^k niyto s Dsnya 
p£) nyr^K .i3''Di§i lovijyn ^^t lynxn nysj^n^s ps yijyrn 
iynn« pk lya^yii nytyjiDi^a s /j^^byjKD ly^iyji r^x ^n 
:iJ8iDnn jyjmyDj^^i Dyn lyjisyj ps jsyv^ jytj'-'^ajsrjDK oyi 
."l^bbyiSD D^ni3D„ : |yDt<j p"*! Dvy^ ra i::ix-)d dkii 
D1V ts«n sii^i ^sin lysbyii \m'i^ oyi DD"-ny -ly dnh ^n« 
Dxn /^Mn p« i)^t3tj' nyosiii «n in:yrsyj .jnynyn jytDK^ny 
-'•^'ji injynn^a .|5§yv^ ny^^i:^ nyi ,|y2yjy:i ]VKi^^ 8 oy ly 
jy-ixiiyj DTpsos lypw^N y^D'^^5l pa yj^^N p|^i« iy rx nyD 
•|y"ii<iiyj Dym^D-iy p« nyjtjnj^N pa 



.. 12 .. 

lyr^T /tapynDjy ts^^n ny d«ii iJt^b yvjsj dki tj$ ,t:ribjy:i 
j^xjt^iiv yvji^j ,nyi^^D3«j yj^n y^« ,|ynj^K pa lybrr^^ nba 
-D^it? lyDDiy -lyn ojij^d "lynbynyi pa jyiiyj lyj^""! nn^-* 
it^jiyii^i nyB^^jNSJK^ "lyn {yiiy:i t^« niyo jyryn lyrsyiiv 
/b^B^ j^iT K pN ib^i ]vy)i^'\m ^KD X t05<n ny .^i^n bi^n 
-yj i^D^Dt^ fe$ i2Kn ,^^2fc<n jyjNDK^yi t^s d«i"i nyj^nj^K r« 
.jytD^n ybx pK n^^: Dt^n D^K^yjo^is px b^K^-j^ii xn inhd 
ny t^NH — '6y^Q '•itx tavyti^ "in^« Dxii pk dst 3^i«// 
iDiyp nn*« 1N11 pN^Q &< |y:i>^v ^"k ^^x bv^^tt — toit^ryi 
nyn yryn pa lo^n -lyiynjx nyn Pi^ifc< .pc-iyT ^y^s lyrayj 
D«ii |y3''"'D ybi< ,D^ nyo^nj n |k-ind r« CpQV ^nj n^yr*'^) 
nb^j D^D ^ia lyj^^T /D^ lyryn ps ^nyn sn pa s^nt? |yjn 
p« "lyaya yjyn^^j pa tapjnto p^^a Dyjy^ pa yjyp nyi 

DNnny .jynyp oy^: ni^i^ns jy^y^iy^i toxn ynyn yryn 
Nn }y"inxBi^nyn^i< j^^^nyaopy p^« D:i^Dnyanya ^p^<3 
lyny^ pl^i« lyD^Nnyjax on-x lya^n jyD^^pny^iiK^ oiyn 
«n D^D w^bi^n nion^rD t:n»y5 l2^«^ "ly .dhd p« tina^ 
D^\T XT jyiiyj rx J"iy3 i^n Pi'-ii^ toNo-'bo lyi ps ,-iyj«nj^« 
oyn |'a>i« jymxDK'yj lyr"*? jyjj'jyD y:^n pa y^ya oan 



.. 11 .. 

"iynj;^i^ ^•'T jyaxn nnj<^ jyD^Tiv |'d""ik .DpviDjy d'-j 'qsi |«"i 
.njyi?nj^D-vj |y:iDyi p&5 yr^n 5< ddx»v:i 

nyi D-'D Dp^vDjy .|^yb yn D^{<3 ,Dt5nbsD iv^bi^ r« 
|y£oyny:i ny t:j<n ,Npn {<d-ijj;3 ps Dfe?D"'i5p jy^ij ps D^\niny5j> 
yryn pa -lyjnyii^j n-'s jy^t^D dh-'x ^Jt^T "ly jynjsiimys: 
-'•nyji xn loby-iJNnya D^yirf^ nny? lynj^ l3^^^ ly -lybTJ^x 
-NS3^ y^N i<"'")i lysK^ptj' nsss ^n nJy^^5JD ,-iyjn&^^ij"'^&? v^V^ 
Dvy'y:lS^x-l^? dh^n* toxn nj^^jmya ps ,iJ<nDyj jyn^n ny^j 
;|y^jNaii> ij;?^ |y-inNsyii pniv d^j nynxrx ny .tDDt< p"*? pa 
-^^B iy-iN3-iy^:)iN^i Dyn ruy^iT ,NpnyDN* pi< iy2^!?3yi "iij 
Dxn L:3"'i:?jy:i |yn^^^ y-)y'^:)^< y^y^s t^^ii ,-iy .jyny^ ps |nd 
DSKip i^n -jn p&< DNH "lyoNit DyDyii ,|SDJ5:i:D « loay:! Dy 
njiryj puiiip pa p&< ijv nyny^ii d^x pa jy^xD iv 
njt?^ p^jot^ N* nyTN' lyDipyji ny t\s jyr^n yby^a "qt^j 
nyDK^iy nyn jyiiy;! t^s dnt .jyDib ^"o lopyiyn ^^^^fjy: 
lyjNat^ Nn ^^n dd^-'H -lyD^yii noa lys^bt^onp pa i^io 
« i:i^^ Dyjyj^ayr^^j Dyn Dnsn Dxn iy .t^nn^^a etipoxa 
-J^a Dyn "iNj jyan pv .11512 px) {<nn^^a |yny:iyj ind^?: 
T^t< "lyDyatJ' .kdjxtdi^ jyiiyj ,^^pnjyDtJ'nyaDD3i?yT rx /jxt: 
-jn^ IV i^^vnyaopy yD''i-i:i n t:^D pn&« |yDipy:i "lyny^ii ny 



.. 10 .. 

t2i<n iv pt< /D^BD^i^Np ^yiT-Dnj^ oypyiojy nn pa ^:l^^D 

-ya TN DUDi^xp px Di^toDyn^-iS) p-isttoc^ loxn pb^a dni 
rs v:i':>V)^ ,]i6v:i^Vi^ pa to"'iD Dyn tjkj .jy-Niiyj D^na 
-)y"it{2pjyn:)is lyn tosn nrna -lyDoya oy'DiD^ibxp jyiiyj 
Dxn D^<11 ,DyT Dbyn:s:nyn Dsy^tj' ^yny^ii nj8:my2 j^jyp 
jyDx^-iyQ px pjytnp /iob« .nbyii y^^J &{ d^q y:^n iv Di^^byj 
^"ii^ TN lys-iyp pn -D^^pDn^ ps iynij<D:j^y3 onDi^i^p rt? 
lovy^ rn ,iyiNny:i tDin^syj-iyTK pj^ jya^-ijyjD^ix bi^D 
^jit-nyDSip Dyn p« nysnyp DyouDir^Np ^^t to^'-ayji ^^i)ijy 
yv-np t5n DnyDK^ navn p^T pi^in px ,Knip ,fc<:i§iisin pa 
"1 njyDijj<n p"*: rx D^yii {<„ : lOBns^-iyto^i^ 
t:3fc<rDyi nyiy-'^XD^N p^x nxn m^ito DyD13r^•l^^<p "tinj 
Dy 3n:y-inypni^; ps njx!? jVDpyiDjy Dyi ^nj ypn « 
"j§iJJ<yj yt2tj'-iy sn ])t>iv'^ toDNtoyj p^ jyaynt^^ya •i^^Dp:>a 
Ninycx iyD''''nyj t3t<n "lyjy^^Nto^N lyryn .yD-ij^p ytj'^a, 
.Dvy rn jyT^n-iys tn ,NpnyDK jroNj nyn px r^K^Diaoyn 
p:K3 Djy-iy:Q^ix ldnh |yDnDi:5Np pa j:^pynDjy sn 
yiysBSSD iNnioy:i T^b $< ^n lyaxn ijnp jynj;^ |i2 .Nsjjtn^^i* 
yixnoDns ps lyD^nna^n pa Dytoa''s^y:i nh tyiDyii nyjyn 
|yj"'^T ^JS^i^y pa • P^bi "ly^'-T jyans iv |y:i>ivy:i jyaxn -iynn6 
yryn .j^-'ODNnyD jhit pn p^ D^astp |^<K^^ lynnNsyjo^nj^ 



.. 9 .. 

{^••bp) »^^^Ji$aDM lysnyj ny ionh ^yrrx iynj» pj? -snip 

pa ybra 1x11 tO^b^ r» s D'^i3y:ia''i« |yD Dxn }»^^n ayn 
-xp rt? y:nn^K «n d^o .lovyTyB ^^t tynxn jyt^iDSiD «n 
•irJi^ac^ Tixj lyin^ayjpni^f D):iD)b 
-yn"'K .PiDii^niD k jyiiyj r&5 t^D^5bsta pt? lonDrnx pn 
p« nyjyn Dbj$ pnio io''» loyjiyjya an^x jyo Dxn ijsi"i 
en:! tD-iD jyD^jyia^ix an^t^ D«n |yD ixii ,p)^in iy3^b3''jyp 
-ntj'yn ,yt^n pn pa yDD^sryj t^n tsSiyviyn ny to«n ,y-)ny 
-nj''« yy^ista-iyaip yJ"'J••"'^? D^-'-'vy:! px nji?^ ^^j dnt jyn 
.D3N-i3y:D^» "nn D-'D t:jNn "iy ysbyii ,nyjK^ 
nyn ps oym ""m ^nj t^DssDyj "lyn^^^j tosn dbdi^np 
DD'-njyj ps \vb]yt^ y^j y^'ya iDpyiDjy L5i<n ,D^yii nyo 
^"•3 bsDJ^^p ^v p^^x -lynx lONH ny .spnyos! d'-id ra 
.^i\-ito-D^yii y^'-j ^ topynojy roxn ny dkt ,Dbytotj>yj-i^a 
|ynri< pa |y:3n''« y^x |yj''''T dnt ,Dpjy^yj lyn^K Dxn ny 
Dfc?n "lyioya^ ."iyjstnj^« -iy:inj<iij''^i< sn }yanyj ainsn px 
V^T p^^ /"lyn^N Doyiv, |y2y:iyj |yrD^5J « jybn"'N yryn jyo 
• "lynj^x DD^5s\, — ^jyTN* pt^ lynj-is 
.ynj^^a by^a nnyr D3«Dy:i ^n Disr^i^xp toxn nyjn ab^ 
bt?T ny jy^jxat^ pa rjyp ayi pi^i« i5pn''")iy:i jynxn yryn 



.jy-inyp 

-V2 j< inynyi ,d3Ssj yvij<:i x ti^nw tot^n ny^by^i ,TNnn5it» 
nyr ^^« ^nj^itb/r : lynt^'y3D^1N D^<^ ny px dd^^ oyn^yiyii 
.|y^n^« j§»5§n8n s'-n pa -lyr-iN jyiiyj t^s Dt?i "i i^^b 
-■•lb Dnx -)yjn^'i')r''N t^n pv^ i:i:vpv:i ]V^ tosn iynn |'s''i« 
T)^n « pN DyT-^^pyj /Dinroii^xp .jjiayis^ix lynb'"')') pN jyD 
ps iyi^Q oyT D^D nb{<:i to^D npntotj'yj jivjyt jyDVisya 
D1V lyr^^D^5l3 Li'-D lyin^syiiv pn nj^n lyn p« Jy^:yl2t^' 
xn ei^ix |y^t<Dyi y^x jyr^r |yt:-iNi ."nybs^tj' yr^bp px jy"i3 
Dii^ lyt^ysyj lynxn lyr^-inND ^n .my sn DtJ'ipy:! pN y^jp 
pi< i:''Mjynyn2i^;jix -ly^^T "lesa jyonDii^xp ^^a JJ1^<^•'v■)yD 

.^ya^^iiv 
D1^t2Jy^^^? Dxn n^sb oxn D'ny^pny n!?st3 toNn Din?D"i5?Kp 
\^D ]V2vm ]V^i^^ ^ Dy p« fciibynsirK px ij^jniya pD 
-^ntj^-iy |yD5^':'DJ5< lym "lyjn^iij-'^x ynb^ii xn .n^nj^nbyto 
-NH -^v^vBi:^ ."lyn^yii fc<n pN jyio^j^nyn y] lynxn p« v^v\> 
y-ij sn t:)DN-iDy3 lynxn ps trrj^nip nny^ lyoipyn ^n lyi 
,D^a p« ^jyn ,i"iyn y-iy^n DQsiDyj ,-iynjiNii to^D tooyi 
^n .^yo^n ps |yb8syJa^<^x D''3N^d |yr''T "T dnt rnjyp^yn 
^ly^pybi TD nb^j pa jjiiy^v ,-iy^:j<at:' sn |yayjy:i ]V2i^n 
,i:^iD im ^«j n:yn ^<n d^d jnjyr^^f /jy^yip ynyry^jj ps 
.n^^:i v:ibv^^ by^a "H^t LJL^syj oy i^n 



DSsy^JSJ'ViDnx ^u« D-i-iroi^tip ^^TDsn '^^^<^ vi:^b jyny^T 
"ly m fT^^^V o^^D"iy j.-iN pK |y-iyij« div i^ivp r^^ ps 
Dn^x lot^n jy^jNSi^' jyos^-iyD r"iiy si^it? D5?Niiy:i ptJ^ tosn 
r^D-inyr dh^n loxn «n -lyan tap^ij^yj ^^ynj^rx p^jyp kh 
-V^b'^ -lyn p« Dn^Dy-iyDr^^nya rnjyny^i px jyD^jyjQ^ix 
^^T <q^ii< Dnyj -^^i^n t |yany:iD^iK sn toxn vv^'i< pn pa ^Jn 
IV Di« iJiin^v p^D jyvynya ^yii px i:iDnyj-iyt2:is v^V^^ 

pa jya^n Dyi jyo^bnya Duni^sp losn jya^K^ ^m d^d 
■y:i lyr""! jya^ti^ ^n (1492 oDirix jyo-ai lyj^SK^ ,D^i?5$a 
.^y^a^K'-:]''*'^ yD''i)jnyiiy;i pa nyoyij d^j ,]''bp "inyr ly^i 
-^r ^iTi< .rj^nnj^ii -i^a iDjy2y-iy:i Dn^x jyasn ]vmvJ2 ySy^a 
DNH "ly DNH ,]^bQ pn px p« ^v pK jynyj nynx ny Pfc< "lya 
r:yp-yv^ii px rj^^n^ont^ pa pid^d oyi jynijyiD^D ^^t tD^» 
pa ypn n -ji^i .jypyiDiy toyi^ -iy dnii nynjy^ yP5$ ^yn^K 
-T^N |yn5<:Np t^n ^x: |yDipy:iJ^ lya-i^^ «n }yr''T iyD Dpy? 
St lytorjnnya iv t05<j^D |yvj{<i si jy^by: jym ^n inii ,]vb 
oy^i pa^iK fynxiiyi jyD^-imv t^k v:ibv^^ '^'^ P"'x pa ^^\nD 
-Wi« IV D5<n ,|ybn^i« sn jytx^-iya dkh dibo^^j^p |yii 
,]V'^^v^ \V2i^n yDpyii ,;yT^-iDstD yrn |yLj>^iiv dji3 s iy::«a 
fts^^ii ^T |y»"ipy:i rs oy .ld^id iyiy3''T div ^n to-in^a ny d«i 
Dn^K pK DUDi^s^p lym^D-iy iv Dyn^-ny:i jyaxn ^n dkt 
-y^r^N "]^T ^l^hjy ^v oxn DUDibsp -d^ pfc< iyBn8iiJ''n^ 
lyraya iv la^^v iy^ ••m jyayjy:! t^t^n -ly dkt rD-'Dsn d^^db^ 



,iop:)V"iyj ly D^<^ di-i^^t ps in^yij^^p r« iiv i<'i d«i 
ilN*j jyDip ly toyii to^^T nny^ ■?|^?J ly-inss ^yii iy lyii Dsn 
"lyi Dsn /ton^ibjy:i t:Nn -ly nytoiyn y-iy^jst rfc< /iynj''K 
-tost Dyn ^-iiT PN* {iis^'T'^x ps lynj^K inj jyii -lyDoyvTp 
-ysjiN DiiNT ;iN Dy-)^ "inyr jyiiyj rsiy .l$?yv^< lyl^'''D:»b 
Dyi?N ps* jys^^ tD-io |j<^my2Dpy p^« |y-i^to-i^Q iv p^^« yn 
-nissyi -lyi iv yt:^a « d^d toynjyiiyj ^n n^n -ly .Dyrnny: 
bNJito"ij<Q ps iy3-is!j^D sn IV ivr\:ii<: ps /Stijjtjyc^'T ps p""!? 
-yjD^is Dn^x t:Nn ^{juidi^q pD jst^'n rjyp -ijsi^jjy pt< 
-yj pD yy^^DNp y; iv j^b^^^ij^a pn {y:2y:iyj-iy2^N p« Diyn 
i^"»ybpiy ly3^{^ jyt^j^nyn y^y^s in: yto-inybyj v^V'^ .yt:)"inyb 
"lyn pi< •LJ'^npsiiQJiiS pN ti'nNj oi^j^ |5<^q Dy'DisDib^^p 
SI Dp^tj^yjo'inyt D^^nnyb''t:i^' ,:^:vp "lyi toxn ,to^^v lyabyr 
lynbyr Dyi fi-'IS '^v^ni^^ iv |{!it:''QNp Dyn jnjyjxn^ /T^ 
ys^boy jn:yint<Das .jyjt^b^'yjnjjtQ Dt^nDnnib^p sni oyii 
pN Dni^ -lyosiii pN bv^^r] n^ii t^^j -inyD jnjynyr ps jyD 
,t2Dny3 Dvn d^d D-inypy:pniv|stD''Qj<p -lyn ?in l^^«^ diin 
•ynj^toji^s ys TN* jSipQ Dy'Dinoi^Np dnt 
-jyiiyi ^n DNn ps i3Njio-i5;iS) lytN^biys toxn Di2Dib«p 
^yny^yi-iyrs "^^"l^« Jcc^'K^ij^D ^fVi^ lyDit^i •lyj^Qt^'iv i^yi 
VD^yii .yonnybyj pj< iyDij:T''b'a ps jjibroxnya 5< iv |y-ii<iiyj 
pn p« mjnj^ii r« Di2?3i^^p dnt /jyDxStj'yB ^^ix jyaxn 



fc? DDnyjnva P^MtO-D^yn "lyryn (Western Hemisphere) 

nyi^pD njyT>iD D"m:in lynrr |i« i^^ij^o jnyvajia pa noK^ 

pN ^n .DDiKiiyn ^ijy:i d^j mv' V2 i«: rs /jjipyitDjy 
r^« pa DjyD^-'V D^--^; iv d^^^ ps jyjiayji jyn dnh tanxn 
yo^nj pD nmin pa yn-iNS nyn px j^^V{§rp^iri^ -iyy?t?08 
-n{< vybv'r\ yjyny^K^-iya p« inyiiyj ,|yD:y»iJt5D ;|ybfi»yD 
|yiyt2^y-nix sn jyiiyj jyK^jyD yjy^ jyrn taa^^b^y^a -jy^p^D 
D^D |ytt5§nv Dpyijy Dxn jyo v::hv'i) nv^^'^^^i^ nh pa 

.D^yii ny^j nyn 
"lyn ti''ix DKT ]vpiV"^ IV "ly^'iQ^n^^st ^n pa nyiotj^ny "lyi 
oy^^j s "n^ lorayj |j<yv^ jyc^^toJsipDS pa D^n nyiynjsi 
-yj lyrinyj T^^? ny .dudi^^p lyasoona jynyj t^k n^j^b 
tDxn p« lyiyD^y yons pa |y^!?5iiD^x ,j$ijyK'n p^iynxn 



42:?6 

Copyrighted 1898 by Jacob Saphirstein: 






tb'^n^ -ivtam— .|VD5§5§o::^ yorr^Knya «n pa v^ym^: 

-PB- 



b^niD -lyol 



.lantoD ifc^onyro 228 ptoc^i^axD npr ps :i5?P'^ya 



THE HISTORY OF AMERICA 

by . 

MArg. , NEW YORK, 
'' Published by Jacob Saphirstein, 
228 Madison St. 




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